tmpfs: security xattr setting on inode creation

[linux-flexiantxendom0-3.2.10.git] / mm / memory.c

/*
 *  linux/mm/memory.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * demand-loading started 01.12.91 - seems it is high on the list of
 * things wanted, and it should be easy to implement. - Linus
 */

/*
 * Ok, demand-loading was easy, shared pages a little bit tricker. Shared
 * pages started 02.12.91, seems to work. - Linus.
 *
 * Tested sharing by executing about 30 /bin/sh: under the old kernel it
 * would have taken more than the 6M I have free, but it worked well as
 * far as I could see.
 *
 * Also corrected some "invalidate()"s - I wasn't doing enough of them.
 */

/*
 * Real VM (paging to/from disk) started 18.12.91. Much more work and
 * thought has to go into this. Oh, well..
 * 19.12.91  -  works, somewhat. Sometimes I get faults, don't know why.
 *              Found it. Everything seems to work now.
 * 20.12.91  -  Ok, making the swap-device changeable like the root.
 */

/*
 * 05.04.94  -  Multi-page memory management added for v1.1.
 *              Idea by Alex Bligh (alex@cconcepts.co.uk)
 *
 * 16.07.99  -  Support of BIGMEM added by Gerhard Wichert, Siemens AG
 *              (Gerhard.Wichert@pdb.siemens.de)
 *
 * Aug/Sep 2004 Changed to four level page tables (Andi Kleen)
 */

#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/ksm.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/kallsyms.h>
#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/elf.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>

#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/pgalloc.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/tlb.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include <asm/pgtable.h>

#include "internal.h"

#ifndef CONFIG_NEED_MULTIPLE_NODES
/* use the per-pgdat data instead for discontigmem - mbligh */
unsigned long max_mapnr;
struct page *mem_map;

EXPORT_SYMBOL(max_mapnr);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mem_map);
#endif

unsigned long num_physpages;
/*
 * A number of key systems in x86 including ioremap() rely on the assumption
 * that high_memory defines the upper bound on direct map memory, then end
 * of ZONE_NORMAL.  Under CONFIG_DISCONTIG this means that max_low_pfn and
 * highstart_pfn must be the same; there must be no gap between ZONE_NORMAL
 * and ZONE_HIGHMEM.
 */
void * high_memory;

EXPORT_SYMBOL(num_physpages);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(high_memory);

/*
 * Randomize the address space (stacks, mmaps, brk, etc.).
 *
 * ( When CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK=y we exclude brk from randomization,
 *   as ancient (libc5 based) binaries can segfault. )
 */
int randomize_va_space __read_mostly =
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK
                                        1;
#else
                                        2;
#endif

static int __init disable_randmaps(char *s)
{
        randomize_va_space = 0;
        return 1;
}
__setup("norandmaps", disable_randmaps);

unsigned long zero_pfn __read_mostly;
unsigned long highest_memmap_pfn __read_mostly;

/*
 * CONFIG_MMU architectures set up ZERO_PAGE in their paging_init()
 */
static int __init init_zero_pfn(void)
{
        zero_pfn = page_to_pfn(ZERO_PAGE(0));
        return 0;
}
core_initcall(init_zero_pfn);


#if defined(SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING)

static void __sync_task_rss_stat(struct task_struct *task, struct mm_struct *mm)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++) {
                if (task->rss_stat.count[i]) {
                        add_mm_counter(mm, i, task->rss_stat.count[i]);
                        task->rss_stat.count[i] = 0;
                }
        }
        task->rss_stat.events = 0;
}

static void add_mm_counter_fast(struct mm_struct *mm, int member, int val)
{
        struct task_struct *task = current;

        if (likely(task->mm == mm))
                task->rss_stat.count[member] += val;
        else
                add_mm_counter(mm, member, val);
}
#define inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) add_mm_counter_fast(mm, member, 1)
#define dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) add_mm_counter_fast(mm, member, -1)

/* sync counter once per 64 page faults */
#define TASK_RSS_EVENTS_THRESH  (64)
static void check_sync_rss_stat(struct task_struct *task)
{
        if (unlikely(task != current))
                return;
        if (unlikely(task->rss_stat.events++ > TASK_RSS_EVENTS_THRESH))
                __sync_task_rss_stat(task, task->mm);
}

void sync_mm_rss(struct task_struct *task, struct mm_struct *mm)
{
        __sync_task_rss_stat(task, mm);
}
#else /* SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING */

#define inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) inc_mm_counter(mm, member)
#define dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) dec_mm_counter(mm, member)

static void check_sync_rss_stat(struct task_struct *task)
{
}

#endif /* SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING */

#ifdef HAVE_GENERIC_MMU_GATHER

static int tlb_next_batch(struct mmu_gather *tlb)
{
        struct mmu_gather_batch *batch;

        batch = tlb->active;
        if (batch->next) {
                tlb->active = batch->next;
                return 1;
        }

        batch = (void *)__get_free_pages(GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN, 0);
        if (!batch)
                return 0;

        batch->next = NULL;
        batch->nr   = 0;
        batch->max  = MAX_GATHER_BATCH;

        tlb->active->next = batch;
        tlb->active = batch;

        return 1;
}

/* tlb_gather_mmu
 *      Called to initialize an (on-stack) mmu_gather structure for page-table
 *      tear-down from @mm. The @fullmm argument is used when @mm is without
 *      users and we're going to destroy the full address space (exit/execve).
 */
void tlb_gather_mmu(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct mm_struct *mm, bool fullmm)
{
        tlb->mm = mm;

        tlb->fullmm     = fullmm;
        tlb->need_flush = 0;
        tlb->fast_mode  = (num_possible_cpus() == 1);
        tlb->local.next = NULL;
        tlb->local.nr   = 0;
        tlb->local.max  = ARRAY_SIZE(tlb->__pages);
        tlb->active     = &tlb->local;

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE
        tlb->batch = NULL;
#endif
}

void tlb_flush_mmu(struct mmu_gather *tlb)
{
        struct mmu_gather_batch *batch;

        if (!tlb->need_flush)
                return;
        tlb->need_flush = 0;
        tlb_flush(tlb);
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE
        tlb_table_flush(tlb);
#endif

        if (tlb_fast_mode(tlb))
                return;

        for (batch = &tlb->local; batch; batch = batch->next) {
                free_pages_and_swap_cache(batch->pages, batch->nr);
                batch->nr = 0;
        }
        tlb->active = &tlb->local;
}

/* tlb_finish_mmu
 *      Called at the end of the shootdown operation to free up any resources
 *      that were required.
 */
void tlb_finish_mmu(struct mmu_gather *tlb, unsigned long start, unsigned long end)
{
        struct mmu_gather_batch *batch, *next;

        tlb_flush_mmu(tlb);

        /* keep the page table cache within bounds */
        check_pgt_cache();

        for (batch = tlb->local.next; batch; batch = next) {
                next = batch->next;
                free_pages((unsigned long)batch, 0);
        }
        tlb->local.next = NULL;
}

/* __tlb_remove_page
 *      Must perform the equivalent to __free_pte(pte_get_and_clear(ptep)), while
 *      handling the additional races in SMP caused by other CPUs caching valid
 *      mappings in their TLBs. Returns the number of free page slots left.
 *      When out of page slots we must call tlb_flush_mmu().
 */
int __tlb_remove_page(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct page *page)
{
        struct mmu_gather_batch *batch;

        VM_BUG_ON(!tlb->need_flush);

        if (tlb_fast_mode(tlb)) {
                free_page_and_swap_cache(page);
                return 1; /* avoid calling tlb_flush_mmu() */
        }

        batch = tlb->active;
        batch->pages[batch->nr++] = page;
        if (batch->nr == batch->max) {
                if (!tlb_next_batch(tlb))
                        return 0;
                batch = tlb->active;
        }
        VM_BUG_ON(batch->nr > batch->max);

        return batch->max - batch->nr;
}

#endif /* HAVE_GENERIC_MMU_GATHER */

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE

/*
 * See the comment near struct mmu_table_batch.
 */

static void tlb_remove_table_smp_sync(void *arg)
{
        /* Simply deliver the interrupt */
}

static void tlb_remove_table_one(void *table)
{
        /*
         * This isn't an RCU grace period and hence the page-tables cannot be
         * assumed to be actually RCU-freed.
         *
         * It is however sufficient for software page-table walkers that rely on
         * IRQ disabling. See the comment near struct mmu_table_batch.
         */
        smp_call_function(tlb_remove_table_smp_sync, NULL, 1);
        __tlb_remove_table(table);
}

static void tlb_remove_table_rcu(struct rcu_head *head)
{
        struct mmu_table_batch *batch;
        int i;

        batch = container_of(head, struct mmu_table_batch, rcu);

        for (i = 0; i < batch->nr; i++)
                __tlb_remove_table(batch->tables[i]);

        free_page((unsigned long)batch);
}

void tlb_table_flush(struct mmu_gather *tlb)
{
        struct mmu_table_batch **batch = &tlb->batch;

        if (*batch) {
                call_rcu_sched(&(*batch)->rcu, tlb_remove_table_rcu);
                *batch = NULL;
        }
}

void tlb_remove_table(struct mmu_gather *tlb, void *table)
{
        struct mmu_table_batch **batch = &tlb->batch;

        tlb->need_flush = 1;

        /*
         * When there's less then two users of this mm there cannot be a
         * concurrent page-table walk.
         */
        if (atomic_read(&tlb->mm->mm_users) < 2) {
                __tlb_remove_table(table);
                return;
        }

        if (*batch == NULL) {
                *batch = (struct mmu_table_batch *)__get_free_page(GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN);
                if (*batch == NULL) {
                        tlb_remove_table_one(table);
                        return;
                }
                (*batch)->nr = 0;
        }
        (*batch)->tables[(*batch)->nr++] = table;
        if ((*batch)->nr == MAX_TABLE_BATCH)
                tlb_table_flush(tlb);
}

#endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_RCU_TABLE_FREE */

/*
 * If a p?d_bad entry is found while walking page tables, report
 * the error, before resetting entry to p?d_none.  Usually (but
 * very seldom) called out from the p?d_none_or_clear_bad macros.
 */

void pgd_clear_bad(pgd_t *pgd)
{
        pgd_ERROR(*pgd);
        pgd_clear(pgd);
}

void pud_clear_bad(pud_t *pud)
{
        pud_ERROR(*pud);
        pud_clear(pud);
}

void pmd_clear_bad(pmd_t *pmd)
{
        pmd_ERROR(*pmd);
        pmd_clear(pmd);
}

/*
 * Note: this doesn't free the actual pages themselves. That
 * has been handled earlier when unmapping all the memory regions.
 */
static void free_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pmd_t *pmd,
                           unsigned long addr)
{
        pgtable_t token = pmd_pgtable(*pmd);
        pmd_clear(pmd);
        pte_free_tlb(tlb, token, addr);
        tlb->mm->nr_ptes--;
}

static inline void free_pmd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pud_t *pud,
                                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
        pmd_t *pmd;
        unsigned long next;
        unsigned long start;

        start = addr;
        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
        do {
                next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(pmd))
                        continue;
                free_pte_range(tlb, pmd, addr);
        } while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);

        start &= PUD_MASK;
        if (start < floor)
                return;
        if (ceiling) {
                ceiling &= PUD_MASK;
                if (!ceiling)
                        return;
        }
        if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
                return;

        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, start);
        pud_clear(pud);
        pmd_free_tlb(tlb, pmd, start);
}

static inline void free_pud_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pgd_t *pgd,
                                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
        pud_t *pud;
        unsigned long next;
        unsigned long start;

        start = addr;
        pud = pud_offset(pgd, addr);
        do {
                next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pud_none_or_clear_bad(pud))
                        continue;
                free_pmd_range(tlb, pud, addr, next, floor, ceiling);
        } while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);

        start &= PGDIR_MASK;
        if (start < floor)
                return;
        if (ceiling) {
                ceiling &= PGDIR_MASK;
                if (!ceiling)
                        return;
        }
        if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
                return;

        pud = pud_offset(pgd, start);
        pgd_clear(pgd);
        pud_free_tlb(tlb, pud, start);
}

/*
 * This function frees user-level page tables of a process.
 *
 * Must be called with pagetable lock held.
 */
void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
                        unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                        unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        unsigned long next;

        /*
         * The next few lines have given us lots of grief...
         *
         * Why are we testing PMD* at this top level?  Because often
         * there will be no work to do at all, and we'd prefer not to
         * go all the way down to the bottom just to discover that.
         *
         * Why all these "- 1"s?  Because 0 represents both the bottom
         * of the address space and the top of it (using -1 for the
         * top wouldn't help much: the masks would do the wrong thing).
         * The rule is that addr 0 and floor 0 refer to the bottom of
         * the address space, but end 0 and ceiling 0 refer to the top
         * Comparisons need to use "end - 1" and "ceiling - 1" (though
         * that end 0 case should be mythical).
         *
         * Wherever addr is brought up or ceiling brought down, we must
         * be careful to reject "the opposite 0" before it confuses the
         * subsequent tests.  But what about where end is brought down
         * by PMD_SIZE below? no, end can't go down to 0 there.
         *
         * Whereas we round start (addr) and ceiling down, by different
         * masks at different levels, in order to test whether a table
         * now has no other vmas using it, so can be freed, we don't
         * bother to round floor or end up - the tests don't need that.
         */

        addr &= PMD_MASK;
        if (addr < floor) {
                addr += PMD_SIZE;
                if (!addr)
                        return;
        }
        if (ceiling) {
                ceiling &= PMD_MASK;
                if (!ceiling)
                        return;
        }
        if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
                end -= PMD_SIZE;
        if (addr > end - 1)
                return;

        pgd = pgd_offset(tlb->mm, addr);
        do {
                next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pgd_none_or_clear_bad(pgd))
                        continue;
                free_pud_range(tlb, pgd, addr, next, floor, ceiling);
        } while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);
}

void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
        while (vma) {
                struct vm_area_struct *next = vma->vm_next;
                unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;

                /*
                 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
                 * pgtables
                 */
                unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
                unlink_file_vma(vma);

                if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma)) {
                        hugetlb_free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end,
                                floor, next? next->vm_start: ceiling);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * Optimization: gather nearby vmas into one call down
                         */
                        while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
                               && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
                                vma = next;
                                next = vma->vm_next;
                                unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
                                unlink_file_vma(vma);
                        }
                        free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end,
                                floor, next? next->vm_start: ceiling);
                }
                vma = next;
        }
}

int __pte_alloc(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long address)
{
        pgtable_t new = pte_alloc_one(mm, address);
        int wait_split_huge_page;
        if (!new)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /*
         * Ensure all pte setup (eg. pte page lock and page clearing) are
         * visible before the pte is made visible to other CPUs by being
         * put into page tables.
         *
         * The other side of the story is the pointer chasing in the page
         * table walking code (when walking the page table without locking;
         * ie. most of the time). Fortunately, these data accesses consist
         * of a chain of data-dependent loads, meaning most CPUs (alpha
         * being the notable exception) will already guarantee loads are
         * seen in-order. See the alpha page table accessors for the
         * smp_read_barrier_depends() barriers in page table walking code.
         */
        smp_wmb(); /* Could be smp_wmb__xxx(before|after)_spin_lock */

        spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
        wait_split_huge_page = 0;
        if (likely(pmd_none(*pmd))) {   /* Has another populated it ? */
                mm->nr_ptes++;
                pmd_populate(mm, pmd, new);
                new = NULL;
        } else if (unlikely(pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd)))
                wait_split_huge_page = 1;
        spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
        if (new)
                pte_free(mm, new);
        if (wait_split_huge_page)
                wait_split_huge_page(vma->anon_vma, pmd);
        return 0;
}

int __pte_alloc_kernel(pmd_t *pmd, unsigned long address)
{
        pte_t *new = pte_alloc_one_kernel(&init_mm, address);
        if (!new)
                return -ENOMEM;

        smp_wmb(); /* See comment in __pte_alloc */

        spin_lock(&init_mm.page_table_lock);
        if (likely(pmd_none(*pmd))) {   /* Has another populated it ? */
                pmd_populate_kernel(&init_mm, pmd, new);
                new = NULL;
        } else
                VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd));
        spin_unlock(&init_mm.page_table_lock);
        if (new)
                pte_free_kernel(&init_mm, new);
        return 0;
}

static inline void init_rss_vec(int *rss)
{
        memset(rss, 0, sizeof(int) * NR_MM_COUNTERS);
}

static inline void add_mm_rss_vec(struct mm_struct *mm, int *rss)
{
        int i;

        if (current->mm == mm)
                sync_mm_rss(current, mm);
        for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++)
                if (rss[i])
                        add_mm_counter(mm, i, rss[i]);
}

/*
 * This function is called to print an error when a bad pte
 * is found. For example, we might have a PFN-mapped pte in
 * a region that doesn't allow it.
 *
 * The calling function must still handle the error.
 */
static void print_bad_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                          pte_t pte, struct page *page)
{
        pgd_t *pgd = pgd_offset(vma->vm_mm, addr);
        pud_t *pud = pud_offset(pgd, addr);
        pmd_t *pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
        struct address_space *mapping;
        pgoff_t index;
        static unsigned long resume;
        static unsigned long nr_shown;
        static unsigned long nr_unshown;

        /*
         * Allow a burst of 60 reports, then keep quiet for that minute;
         * or allow a steady drip of one report per second.
         */
        if (nr_shown == 60) {
                if (time_before(jiffies, resume)) {
                        nr_unshown++;
                        return;
                }
                if (nr_unshown) {
                        printk(KERN_ALERT
                                "BUG: Bad page map: %lu messages suppressed\n",
                                nr_unshown);
                        nr_unshown = 0;
                }
                nr_shown = 0;
        }
        if (nr_shown++ == 0)
                resume = jiffies + 60 * HZ;

        mapping = vma->vm_file ? vma->vm_file->f_mapping : NULL;
        index = linear_page_index(vma, addr);

        printk(KERN_ALERT
                "BUG: Bad page map in process %s  pte:%08llx pmd:%08llx\n",
                current->comm,
                (long long)pte_val(pte), (long long)pmd_val(*pmd));
        if (page)
                dump_page(page);
        printk(KERN_ALERT
                "addr:%p vm_flags:%08lx anon_vma:%p mapping:%p index:%lx\n",
                (void *)addr, vma->vm_flags, vma->anon_vma, mapping, index);
        /*
         * Choose text because data symbols depend on CONFIG_KALLSYMS_ALL=y
         */
        if (vma->vm_ops)
                print_symbol(KERN_ALERT "vma->vm_ops->fault: %s\n",
                                (unsigned long)vma->vm_ops->fault);
        if (vma->vm_file && vma->vm_file->f_op)
                print_symbol(KERN_ALERT "vma->vm_file->f_op->mmap: %s\n",
                                (unsigned long)vma->vm_file->f_op->mmap);
        dump_stack();
        add_taint(TAINT_BAD_PAGE);
}

static inline int is_cow_mapping(vm_flags_t flags)
{
        return (flags & (VM_SHARED | VM_MAYWRITE)) == VM_MAYWRITE;
}

#ifndef is_zero_pfn
static inline int is_zero_pfn(unsigned long pfn)
{
        return pfn == zero_pfn;
}
#endif

#ifndef my_zero_pfn
static inline unsigned long my_zero_pfn(unsigned long addr)
{
        return zero_pfn;
}
#endif

/*
 * vm_normal_page -- This function gets the "struct page" associated with a pte.
 *
 * "Special" mappings do not wish to be associated with a "struct page" (either
 * it doesn't exist, or it exists but they don't want to touch it). In this
 * case, NULL is returned here. "Normal" mappings do have a struct page.
 *
 * There are 2 broad cases. Firstly, an architecture may define a pte_special()
 * pte bit, in which case this function is trivial. Secondly, an architecture
 * may not have a spare pte bit, which requires a more complicated scheme,
 * described below.
 *
 * A raw VM_PFNMAP mapping (ie. one that is not COWed) is always considered a
 * special mapping (even if there are underlying and valid "struct pages").
 * COWed pages of a VM_PFNMAP are always normal.
 *
 * The way we recognize COWed pages within VM_PFNMAP mappings is through the
 * rules set up by "remap_pfn_range()": the vma will have the VM_PFNMAP bit
 * set, and the vm_pgoff will point to the first PFN mapped: thus every special
 * mapping will always honor the rule
 *
 *      pfn_of_page == vma->vm_pgoff + ((addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
 *
 * And for normal mappings this is false.
 *
 * This restricts such mappings to be a linear translation from virtual address
 * to pfn. To get around this restriction, we allow arbitrary mappings so long
 * as the vma is not a COW mapping; in that case, we know that all ptes are
 * special (because none can have been COWed).
 *
 *
 * In order to support COW of arbitrary special mappings, we have VM_MIXEDMAP.
 *
 * VM_MIXEDMAP mappings can likewise contain memory with or without "struct
 * page" backing, however the difference is that _all_ pages with a struct
 * page (that is, those where pfn_valid is true) are refcounted and considered
 * normal pages by the VM. The disadvantage is that pages are refcounted
 * (which can be slower and simply not an option for some PFNMAP users). The
 * advantage is that we don't have to follow the strict linearity rule of
 * PFNMAP mappings in order to support COWable mappings.
 *
 */
#ifdef __HAVE_ARCH_PTE_SPECIAL
# define HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL 1
#else
# define HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL 0
#endif
struct page *vm_normal_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                                pte_t pte)
{
        unsigned long pfn = pte_pfn(pte);

        if (HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL) {
                if (likely(!pte_special(pte)))
                        goto check_pfn;
                if (vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP | VM_MIXEDMAP))
                        return NULL;
                if (!is_zero_pfn(pfn))
                        print_bad_pte(vma, addr, pte, NULL);
                return NULL;
        }

        /* !HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL case follows: */

        if (unlikely(vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP))) {
                if (vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP) {
                        if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
                                return NULL;
                        goto out;
                } else {
                        unsigned long off;
                        off = (addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                        if (pfn == vma->vm_pgoff + off)
                                return NULL;
                        if (!is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags))
                                return NULL;
                }
        }

        if (is_zero_pfn(pfn))
                return NULL;
check_pfn:
        if (unlikely(pfn > highest_memmap_pfn)) {
                print_bad_pte(vma, addr, pte, NULL);
                return NULL;
        }

        /*
         * NOTE! We still have PageReserved() pages in the page tables.
         * eg. VDSO mappings can cause them to exist.
         */
out:
        return pfn_to_page(pfn);
}

/*
 * copy one vm_area from one task to the other. Assumes the page tables
 * already present in the new task to be cleared in the whole range
 * covered by this vma.
 */

static inline unsigned long
copy_one_pte(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
                pte_t *dst_pte, pte_t *src_pte, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long addr, int *rss)
{
        unsigned long vm_flags = vma->vm_flags;
        pte_t pte = *src_pte;
        struct page *page;

        /* pte contains position in swap or file, so copy. */
        if (unlikely(!pte_present(pte))) {
                if (!pte_file(pte)) {
                        swp_entry_t entry = pte_to_swp_entry(pte);

                        if (swap_duplicate(entry) < 0)
                                return entry.val;

                        /* make sure dst_mm is on swapoff's mmlist. */
                        if (unlikely(list_empty(&dst_mm->mmlist))) {
                                spin_lock(&mmlist_lock);
                                if (list_empty(&dst_mm->mmlist))
                                        list_add(&dst_mm->mmlist,
                                                 &src_mm->mmlist);
                                spin_unlock(&mmlist_lock);
                        }
                        if (likely(!non_swap_entry(entry)))
                                rss[MM_SWAPENTS]++;
                        else if (is_migration_entry(entry)) {
                                page = migration_entry_to_page(entry);

                                if (PageAnon(page))
                                        rss[MM_ANONPAGES]++;
                                else
                                        rss[MM_FILEPAGES]++;

                                if (is_write_migration_entry(entry) &&
                                    is_cow_mapping(vm_flags)) {
                                        /*
                                         * COW mappings require pages in both
                                         * parent and child to be set to read.
                                         */
                                        make_migration_entry_read(&entry);
                                        pte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry);
                                        set_pte_at(src_mm, addr, src_pte, pte);
                                }
                        }
                }
                goto out_set_pte;
        }

        /*
         * If it's a COW mapping, write protect it both
         * in the parent and the child
         */
        if (is_cow_mapping(vm_flags)) {
                ptep_set_wrprotect(src_mm, addr, src_pte);
                pte = pte_wrprotect(pte);
        }

        /*
         * If it's a shared mapping, mark it clean in
         * the child
         */
        if (vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
                pte = pte_mkclean(pte);
        pte = pte_mkold(pte);

        page = vm_normal_page(vma, addr, pte);
        if (page) {
                get_page(page);
                page_dup_rmap(page);
                if (PageAnon(page))
                        rss[MM_ANONPAGES]++;
                else
                        rss[MM_FILEPAGES]++;
        }

out_set_pte:
        set_pte_at(dst_mm, addr, dst_pte, pte);
        return 0;
}

int copy_pte_range(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
                   pmd_t *dst_pmd, pmd_t *src_pmd, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                   unsigned long addr, unsigned long end)
{
        pte_t *orig_src_pte, *orig_dst_pte;
        pte_t *src_pte, *dst_pte;
        spinlock_t *src_ptl, *dst_ptl;
        int progress = 0;
        int rss[NR_MM_COUNTERS];
        swp_entry_t entry = (swp_entry_t){0};

again:
        init_rss_vec(rss);

        dst_pte = pte_alloc_map_lock(dst_mm, dst_pmd, addr, &dst_ptl);
        if (!dst_pte)
                return -ENOMEM;
        src_pte = pte_offset_map(src_pmd, addr);
        src_ptl = pte_lockptr(src_mm, src_pmd);
        spin_lock_nested(src_ptl, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
        orig_src_pte = src_pte;
        orig_dst_pte = dst_pte;
        arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();

        do {
                /*
                 * We are holding two locks at this point - either of them
                 * could generate latencies in another task on another CPU.
                 */
                if (progress >= 32) {
                        progress = 0;
                        if (need_resched() ||
                            spin_needbreak(src_ptl) || spin_needbreak(dst_ptl))
                                break;
                }
                if (pte_none(*src_pte)) {
                        progress++;
                        continue;
                }
                entry.val = copy_one_pte(dst_mm, src_mm, dst_pte, src_pte,
                                                        vma, addr, rss);
                if (entry.val)
                        break;
                progress += 8;
        } while (dst_pte++, src_pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);

        arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();
        spin_unlock(src_ptl);
        pte_unmap(orig_src_pte);
        add_mm_rss_vec(dst_mm, rss);
        pte_unmap_unlock(orig_dst_pte, dst_ptl);
        cond_resched();

        if (entry.val) {
                if (add_swap_count_continuation(entry, GFP_KERNEL) < 0)
                        return -ENOMEM;
                progress = 0;
        }
        if (addr != end)
                goto again;
        return 0;
}

static inline int copy_pmd_range(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
                pud_t *dst_pud, pud_t *src_pud, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end)
{
        pmd_t *src_pmd, *dst_pmd;
        unsigned long next;

        dst_pmd = pmd_alloc(dst_mm, dst_pud, addr);
        if (!dst_pmd)
                return -ENOMEM;
        src_pmd = pmd_offset(src_pud, addr);
        do {
                next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pmd_trans_huge(*src_pmd)) {
                        int err;
                        VM_BUG_ON(next-addr != HPAGE_PMD_SIZE);
                        err = copy_huge_pmd(dst_mm, src_mm,
                                            dst_pmd, src_pmd, addr, vma);
                        if (err == -ENOMEM)
                                return -ENOMEM;
                        if (!err)
                                continue;
                        /* fall through */
                }
                if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(src_pmd))
                        continue;
                if (copy_pte_range(dst_mm, src_mm, dst_pmd, src_pmd,
                                                vma, addr, next))
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } while (dst_pmd++, src_pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);
        return 0;
}

static inline int copy_pud_range(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
                pgd_t *dst_pgd, pgd_t *src_pgd, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end)
{
        pud_t *src_pud, *dst_pud;
        unsigned long next;

        dst_pud = pud_alloc(dst_mm, dst_pgd, addr);
        if (!dst_pud)
                return -ENOMEM;
        src_pud = pud_offset(src_pgd, addr);
        do {
                next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pud_none_or_clear_bad(src_pud))
                        continue;
                if (copy_pmd_range(dst_mm, src_mm, dst_pud, src_pud,
                                                vma, addr, next))
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } while (dst_pud++, src_pud++, addr = next, addr != end);
        return 0;
}

int copy_page_range(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
                struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        pgd_t *src_pgd, *dst_pgd;
        unsigned long next;
        unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;
        unsigned long end = vma->vm_end;
        int ret;

        /*
         * Don't copy ptes where a page fault will fill them correctly.
         * Fork becomes much lighter when there are big shared or private
         * readonly mappings. The tradeoff is that copy_page_range is more
         * efficient than faulting.
         */
        if (!(vma->vm_flags & (VM_HUGETLB|VM_NONLINEAR|VM_PFNMAP|VM_INSERTPAGE))) {
                if (!vma->anon_vma)
                        return 0;
        }

        if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma))
                return copy_hugetlb_page_range(dst_mm, src_mm, vma);

        if (unlikely(is_pfn_mapping(vma))) {
                /*
                 * We do not free on error cases below as remove_vma
                 * gets called on error from higher level routine
                 */
                ret = track_pfn_vma_copy(vma);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }

        /*
         * We need to invalidate the secondary MMU mappings only when
         * there could be a permission downgrade on the ptes of the
         * parent mm. And a permission downgrade will only happen if
         * is_cow_mapping() returns true.
         */
        if (is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags))
                mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(src_mm, addr, end);

        ret = 0;
        dst_pgd = pgd_offset(dst_mm, addr);
        src_pgd = pgd_offset(src_mm, addr);
        do {
                next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pgd_none_or_clear_bad(src_pgd))
                        continue;
                if (unlikely(copy_pud_range(dst_mm, src_mm, dst_pgd, src_pgd,
                                            vma, addr, next))) {
                        ret = -ENOMEM;
                        break;
                }
        } while (dst_pgd++, src_pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);

        if (is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags))
                mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(src_mm,
                                                  vma->vm_start, end);
        return ret;
}

static unsigned long zap_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
                                struct vm_area_struct *vma, pmd_t *pmd,
                                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                struct zap_details *details)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = tlb->mm;
        int force_flush = 0;
        int rss[NR_MM_COUNTERS];
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        pte_t *start_pte;
        pte_t *pte;

again:
        init_rss_vec(rss);
        start_pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
        pte = start_pte;
        arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();
        do {
                pte_t ptent = *pte;
                if (pte_none(ptent)) {
                        continue;
                }

                if (pte_present(ptent)) {
                        struct page *page;

                        page = vm_normal_page(vma, addr, ptent);
                        if (unlikely(details) && page) {
                                /*
                                 * unmap_shared_mapping_pages() wants to
                                 * invalidate cache without truncating:
                                 * unmap shared but keep private pages.
                                 */
                                if (details->check_mapping &&
                                    details->check_mapping != page->mapping)
                                        continue;
                                /*
                                 * Each page->index must be checked when
                                 * invalidating or truncating nonlinear.
                                 */
                                if (details->nonlinear_vma &&
                                    (page->index < details->first_index ||
                                     page->index > details->last_index))
                                        continue;
                        }
                        ptent = ptep_get_and_clear_full(mm, addr, pte,
                                                        tlb->fullmm);
                        tlb_remove_tlb_entry(tlb, pte, addr);
                        if (unlikely(!page))
                                continue;
                        if (unlikely(details) && details->nonlinear_vma
                            && linear_page_index(details->nonlinear_vma,
                                                addr) != page->index)
                                set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte,
                                           pgoff_to_pte(page->index));
                        if (PageAnon(page))
                                rss[MM_ANONPAGES]--;
                        else {
                                if (pte_dirty(ptent))
                                        set_page_dirty(page);
                                if (pte_young(ptent) &&
                                    likely(!VM_SequentialReadHint(vma)))
                                        mark_page_accessed(page);
                                rss[MM_FILEPAGES]--;
                        }
                        page_remove_rmap(page);
                        if (unlikely(page_mapcount(page) < 0))
                                print_bad_pte(vma, addr, ptent, page);
                        force_flush = !__tlb_remove_page(tlb, page);
                        if (force_flush)
                                break;
                        continue;
                }
                /*
                 * If details->check_mapping, we leave swap entries;
                 * if details->nonlinear_vma, we leave file entries.
                 */
                if (unlikely(details))
                        continue;
                if (pte_file(ptent)) {
                        if (unlikely(!(vma->vm_flags & VM_NONLINEAR)))
                                print_bad_pte(vma, addr, ptent, NULL);
                } else {
                        swp_entry_t entry = pte_to_swp_entry(ptent);

                        if (!non_swap_entry(entry))
                                rss[MM_SWAPENTS]--;
                        else if (is_migration_entry(entry)) {
                                struct page *page;

                                page = migration_entry_to_page(entry);

                                if (PageAnon(page))
                                        rss[MM_ANONPAGES]--;
                                else
                                        rss[MM_FILEPAGES]--;
                        }
                        if (unlikely(!free_swap_and_cache(entry)))
                                print_bad_pte(vma, addr, ptent, NULL);
                }
                pte_clear_not_present_full(mm, addr, pte, tlb->fullmm);
        } while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);

        add_mm_rss_vec(mm, rss);
        arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();
        pte_unmap_unlock(start_pte, ptl);

        /*
         * mmu_gather ran out of room to batch pages, we break out of
         * the PTE lock to avoid doing the potential expensive TLB invalidate
         * and page-free while holding it.
         */
        if (force_flush) {
                force_flush = 0;
                tlb_flush_mmu(tlb);
                if (addr != end)
                        goto again;
        }

        return addr;
}

static inline unsigned long zap_pmd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
                                struct vm_area_struct *vma, pud_t *pud,
                                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                struct zap_details *details)
{
        pmd_t *pmd;
        unsigned long next;

        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
        do {
                next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)) {
                        if (next - addr != HPAGE_PMD_SIZE) {
                                VM_BUG_ON(!rwsem_is_locked(&tlb->mm->mmap_sem));
                                split_huge_page_pmd(vma->vm_mm, pmd);
                        } else if (zap_huge_pmd(tlb, vma, pmd, addr))
                                goto next;
                        /* fall through */
                }
                /*
                 * Here there can be other concurrent MADV_DONTNEED or
                 * trans huge page faults running, and if the pmd is
                 * none or trans huge it can change under us. This is
                 * because MADV_DONTNEED holds the mmap_sem in read
                 * mode.
                 */
                if (pmd_none_or_trans_huge_or_clear_bad(pmd))
                        goto next;
                next = zap_pte_range(tlb, vma, pmd, addr, next, details);
next:
                cond_resched();
        } while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);

        return addr;
}

static inline unsigned long zap_pud_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
                                struct vm_area_struct *vma, pgd_t *pgd,
                                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                struct zap_details *details)
{
        pud_t *pud;
        unsigned long next;

        pud = pud_offset(pgd, addr);
        do {
                next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pud_none_or_clear_bad(pud))
                        continue;
                next = zap_pmd_range(tlb, vma, pud, addr, next, details);
        } while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);

        return addr;
}

static unsigned long unmap_page_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
                                struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                                unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                struct zap_details *details)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        unsigned long next;

        if (details && !details->check_mapping && !details->nonlinear_vma)
                details = NULL;

        BUG_ON(addr >= end);
        mem_cgroup_uncharge_start();
        tlb_start_vma(tlb, vma);
        pgd = pgd_offset(vma->vm_mm, addr);
        do {
                next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (pgd_none_or_clear_bad(pgd))
                        continue;
                next = zap_pud_range(tlb, vma, pgd, addr, next, details);
        } while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);
        tlb_end_vma(tlb, vma);
        mem_cgroup_uncharge_end();

        return addr;
}

/**
 * unmap_vmas - unmap a range of memory covered by a list of vma's
 * @tlb: address of the caller's struct mmu_gather
 * @vma: the starting vma
 * @start_addr: virtual address at which to start unmapping
 * @end_addr: virtual address at which to end unmapping
 * @nr_accounted: Place number of unmapped pages in vm-accountable vma's here
 * @details: details of nonlinear truncation or shared cache invalidation
 *
 * Returns the end address of the unmapping (restart addr if interrupted).
 *
 * Unmap all pages in the vma list.
 *
 * Only addresses between `start' and `end' will be unmapped.
 *
 * The VMA list must be sorted in ascending virtual address order.
 *
 * unmap_vmas() assumes that the caller will flush the whole unmapped address
 * range after unmap_vmas() returns.  So the only responsibility here is to
 * ensure that any thus-far unmapped pages are flushed before unmap_vmas()
 * drops the lock and schedules.
 */
unsigned long unmap_vmas(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
                struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start_addr,
                unsigned long end_addr, unsigned long *nr_accounted,
                struct zap_details *details)
{
        unsigned long start = start_addr;
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;

        mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(mm, start_addr, end_addr);
        for ( ; vma && vma->vm_start < end_addr; vma = vma->vm_next) {
                unsigned long end;

                start = max(vma->vm_start, start_addr);
                if (start >= vma->vm_end)
                        continue;
                end = min(vma->vm_end, end_addr);
                if (end <= vma->vm_start)
                        continue;

                if (vma->vm_flags & VM_ACCOUNT)
                        *nr_accounted += (end - start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

                if (unlikely(is_pfn_mapping(vma)))
                        untrack_pfn_vma(vma, 0, 0);

                while (start != end) {
                        if (unlikely(is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma))) {
                                /*
                                 * It is undesirable to test vma->vm_file as it
                                 * should be non-null for valid hugetlb area.
                                 * However, vm_file will be NULL in the error
                                 * cleanup path of do_mmap_pgoff. When
                                 * hugetlbfs ->mmap method fails,
                                 * do_mmap_pgoff() nullifies vma->vm_file
                                 * before calling this function to clean up.
                                 * Since no pte has actually been setup, it is
                                 * safe to do nothing in this case.
                                 */
                                if (vma->vm_file)
                                        unmap_hugepage_range(vma, start, end, NULL);

                                start = end;
                        } else
                                start = unmap_page_range(tlb, vma, start, end, details);
                }
        }

        mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(mm, start_addr, end_addr);
        return start;   /* which is now the end (or restart) address */
}

/**
 * zap_page_range - remove user pages in a given range
 * @vma: vm_area_struct holding the applicable pages
 * @address: starting address of pages to zap
 * @size: number of bytes to zap
 * @details: details of nonlinear truncation or shared cache invalidation
 */
unsigned long zap_page_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
                unsigned long size, struct zap_details *details)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        struct mmu_gather tlb;
        unsigned long end = address + size;
        unsigned long nr_accounted = 0;

        lru_add_drain();
        tlb_gather_mmu(&tlb, mm, 0);
        update_hiwater_rss(mm);
        end = unmap_vmas(&tlb, vma, address, end, &nr_accounted, details);
        tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb, address, end);
        return end;
}

/**
 * zap_vma_ptes - remove ptes mapping the vma
 * @vma: vm_area_struct holding ptes to be zapped
 * @address: starting address of pages to zap
 * @size: number of bytes to zap
 *
 * This function only unmaps ptes assigned to VM_PFNMAP vmas.
 *
 * The entire address range must be fully contained within the vma.
 *
 * Returns 0 if successful.
 */
int zap_vma_ptes(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
                unsigned long size)
{
        if (address < vma->vm_start || address + size > vma->vm_end ||
                        !(vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP))
                return -1;
        zap_page_range(vma, address, size, NULL);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(zap_vma_ptes);

/**
 * follow_page - look up a page descriptor from a user-virtual address
 * @vma: vm_area_struct mapping @address
 * @address: virtual address to look up
 * @flags: flags modifying lookup behaviour
 *
 * @flags can have FOLL_ flags set, defined in <linux/mm.h>
 *
 * Returns the mapped (struct page *), %NULL if no mapping exists, or
 * an error pointer if there is a mapping to something not represented
 * by a page descriptor (see also vm_normal_page()).
 */
struct page *follow_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
                        unsigned int flags)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        pud_t *pud;
        pmd_t *pmd;
        pte_t *ptep, pte;
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        struct page *page;
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;

        page = follow_huge_addr(mm, address, flags & FOLL_WRITE);
        if (!IS_ERR(page)) {
                BUG_ON(flags & FOLL_GET);
                goto out;
        }

        page = NULL;
        pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
        if (pgd_none(*pgd) || unlikely(pgd_bad(*pgd)))
                goto no_page_table;

        pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
        if (pud_none(*pud))
                goto no_page_table;
        if (pud_huge(*pud) && vma->vm_flags & VM_HUGETLB) {
                BUG_ON(flags & FOLL_GET);
                page = follow_huge_pud(mm, address, pud, flags & FOLL_WRITE);
                goto out;
        }
        if (unlikely(pud_bad(*pud)))
                goto no_page_table;

        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
        if (pmd_none(*pmd))
                goto no_page_table;
        if (pmd_huge(*pmd) && vma->vm_flags & VM_HUGETLB) {
                BUG_ON(flags & FOLL_GET);
                page = follow_huge_pmd(mm, address, pmd, flags & FOLL_WRITE);
                goto out;
        }
        if (pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)) {
                if (flags & FOLL_SPLIT) {
                        split_huge_page_pmd(mm, pmd);
                        goto split_fallthrough;
                }
                spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                if (likely(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd))) {
                        if (unlikely(pmd_trans_splitting(*pmd))) {
                                spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                                wait_split_huge_page(vma->anon_vma, pmd);
                        } else {
                                page = follow_trans_huge_pmd(mm, address,
                                                             pmd, flags);
                                spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                                goto out;
                        }
                } else
                        spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
                /* fall through */
        }
split_fallthrough:
        if (unlikely(pmd_bad(*pmd)))
                goto no_page_table;

        ptep = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);

        pte = *ptep;
        if (!pte_present(pte))
                goto no_page;
        if ((flags & FOLL_WRITE) && !pte_write(pte))
                goto unlock;

        page = vm_normal_page(vma, address, pte);
        if (unlikely(!page)) {
                if ((flags & FOLL_DUMP) ||
                    !is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(pte)))
                        goto bad_page;
                page = pte_page(pte);
        }

        if (flags & FOLL_GET)
                get_page_foll(page);
        if (flags & FOLL_TOUCH) {
                if ((flags & FOLL_WRITE) &&
                    !pte_dirty(pte) && !PageDirty(page))
                        set_page_dirty(page);
                /*
                 * pte_mkyoung() would be more correct here, but atomic care
                 * is needed to avoid losing the dirty bit: it is easier to use
                 * mark_page_accessed().
                 */
                mark_page_accessed(page);
        }
        if ((flags & FOLL_MLOCK) && (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)) {
                /*
                 * The preliminary mapping check is mainly to avoid the
                 * pointless overhead of lock_page on the ZERO_PAGE
                 * which might bounce very badly if there is contention.
                 *
                 * If the page is already locked, we don't need to
                 * handle it now - vmscan will handle it later if and
                 * when it attempts to reclaim the page.
                 */
                if (page->mapping && trylock_page(page)) {
                        lru_add_drain();  /* push cached pages to LRU */
                        /*
                         * Because we lock page here and migration is
                         * blocked by the pte's page reference, we need
                         * only check for file-cache page truncation.
                         */
                        if (page->mapping)
                                mlock_vma_page(page);
                        unlock_page(page);
                }
        }
unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
out:
        return page;

bad_page:
        pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
        return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);

no_page:
        pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
        if (!pte_none(pte))
                return page;

no_page_table:
        /*
         * When core dumping an enormous anonymous area that nobody
         * has touched so far, we don't want to allocate unnecessary pages or
         * page tables.  Return error instead of NULL to skip handle_mm_fault,
         * then get_dump_page() will return NULL to leave a hole in the dump.
         * But we can only make this optimization where a hole would surely
         * be zero-filled if handle_mm_fault() actually did handle it.
         */
        if ((flags & FOLL_DUMP) &&
            (!vma->vm_ops || !vma->vm_ops->fault))
                return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);
        return page;
}

static inline int stack_guard_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr)
{
        return stack_guard_page_start(vma, addr) ||
               stack_guard_page_end(vma, addr+PAGE_SIZE);
}

/**
 * __get_user_pages() - pin user pages in memory
 * @tsk:        task_struct of target task
 * @mm:         mm_struct of target mm
 * @start:      starting user address
 * @nr_pages:   number of pages from start to pin
 * @gup_flags:  flags modifying pin behaviour
 * @pages:      array that receives pointers to the pages pinned.
 *              Should be at least nr_pages long. Or NULL, if caller
 *              only intends to ensure the pages are faulted in.
 * @vmas:       array of pointers to vmas corresponding to each page.
 *              Or NULL if the caller does not require them.
 * @nonblocking: whether waiting for disk IO or mmap_sem contention
 *
 * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number
 * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages
 * were pinned, returns -errno. Each page returned must be released
 * with a put_page() call when it is finished with. vmas will only
 * remain valid while mmap_sem is held.
 *
 * Must be called with mmap_sem held for read or write.
 *
 * __get_user_pages walks a process's page tables and takes a reference to
 * each struct page that each user address corresponds to at a given
 * instant. That is, it takes the page that would be accessed if a user
 * thread accesses the given user virtual address at that instant.
 *
 * This does not guarantee that the page exists in the user mappings when
 * __get_user_pages returns, and there may even be a completely different
 * page there in some cases (eg. if mmapped pagecache has been invalidated
 * and subsequently re faulted). However it does guarantee that the page
 * won't be freed completely. And mostly callers simply care that the page
 * contains data that was valid *at some point in time*. Typically, an IO
 * or similar operation cannot guarantee anything stronger anyway because
 * locks can't be held over the syscall boundary.
 *
 * If @gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE == 0, the page must not be written to. If
 * the page is written to, set_page_dirty (or set_page_dirty_lock, as
 * appropriate) must be called after the page is finished with, and
 * before put_page is called.
 *
 * If @nonblocking != NULL, __get_user_pages will not wait for disk IO
 * or mmap_sem contention, and if waiting is needed to pin all pages,
 * *@nonblocking will be set to 0.
 *
 * In most cases, get_user_pages or get_user_pages_fast should be used
 * instead of __get_user_pages. __get_user_pages should be used only if
 * you need some special @gup_flags.
 */
int __get_user_pages(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
                     unsigned long start, int nr_pages, unsigned int gup_flags,
                     struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas,
                     int *nonblocking)
{
        int i;
        unsigned long vm_flags;

        if (nr_pages <= 0)
                return 0;

        VM_BUG_ON(!!pages != !!(gup_flags & FOLL_GET));

        /* 
         * Require read or write permissions.
         * If FOLL_FORCE is set, we only require the "MAY" flags.
         */
        vm_flags  = (gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE) ?
                        (VM_WRITE | VM_MAYWRITE) : (VM_READ | VM_MAYREAD);
        vm_flags &= (gup_flags & FOLL_FORCE) ?
                        (VM_MAYREAD | VM_MAYWRITE) : (VM_READ | VM_WRITE);
        i = 0;

        do {
                struct vm_area_struct *vma;

                vma = find_extend_vma(mm, start);
                if (!vma && in_gate_area(mm, start)) {
                        unsigned long pg = start & PAGE_MASK;
                        pgd_t *pgd;
                        pud_t *pud;
                        pmd_t *pmd;
                        pte_t *pte;

                        /* user gate pages are read-only */
                        if (gup_flags & FOLL_WRITE)
                                return i ? : -EFAULT;
                        if (pg > TASK_SIZE)
                                pgd = pgd_offset_k(pg);
                        else
                                pgd = pgd_offset_gate(mm, pg);
                        BUG_ON(pgd_none(*pgd));
                        pud = pud_offset(pgd, pg);
                        BUG_ON(pud_none(*pud));
                        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, pg);
                        if (pmd_none(*pmd))
                                return i ? : -EFAULT;
                        VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
                        pte = pte_offset_map(pmd, pg);
                        if (pte_none(*pte)) {
                                pte_unmap(pte);
                                return i ? : -EFAULT;
                        }
                        vma = get_gate_vma(mm);
                        if (pages) {
                                struct page *page;

                                page = vm_normal_page(vma, start, *pte);
                                if (!page) {
                                        if (!(gup_flags & FOLL_DUMP) &&
                                             is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(*pte)))
                                                page = pte_page(*pte);
                                        else {
                                                pte_unmap(pte);
                                                return i ? : -EFAULT;
                                        }
                                }
                                pages[i] = page;
                                get_page(page);
                        }
                        pte_unmap(pte);
                        goto next_page;
                }

                if (!vma ||
                    (vma->vm_flags & (VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP)) ||
                    !(vm_flags & vma->vm_flags))
                        return i ? : -EFAULT;

                if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma)) {
                        i = follow_hugetlb_page(mm, vma, pages, vmas,
                                        &start, &nr_pages, i, gup_flags);
                        continue;
                }

                do {
                        struct page *page;
                        unsigned int foll_flags = gup_flags;

                        /*
                         * If we have a pending SIGKILL, don't keep faulting
                         * pages and potentially allocating memory.
                         */
                        if (unlikely(fatal_signal_pending(current)))
                                return i ? i : -ERESTARTSYS;

                        cond_resched();
                        while (!(page = follow_page(vma, start, foll_flags))) {
                                int ret;
                                unsigned int fault_flags = 0;

                                /* For mlock, just skip the stack guard page. */
                                if (foll_flags & FOLL_MLOCK) {
                                        if (stack_guard_page(vma, start))
                                                goto next_page;
                                }
                                if (foll_flags & FOLL_WRITE)
                                        fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_WRITE;
                                if (nonblocking)
                                        fault_flags |= FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY;
                                if (foll_flags & FOLL_NOWAIT)
                                        fault_flags |= (FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY | FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT);

                                ret = handle_mm_fault(mm, vma, start,
                                                        fault_flags);

                                if (ret & VM_FAULT_ERROR) {
                                        if (ret & VM_FAULT_OOM)
                                                return i ? i : -ENOMEM;
                                        if (ret & (VM_FAULT_HWPOISON |
                                                   VM_FAULT_HWPOISON_LARGE)) {
                                                if (i)
                                                        return i;
                                                else if (gup_flags & FOLL_HWPOISON)
                                                        return -EHWPOISON;
                                                else
                                                        return -EFAULT;
                                        }
                                        if (ret & VM_FAULT_SIGBUS)
                                                return i ? i : -EFAULT;
                                        BUG();
                                }

                                if (tsk) {
                                        if (ret & VM_FAULT_MAJOR)
                                                tsk->maj_flt++;
                                        else
                                                tsk->min_flt++;
                                }

                                if (ret & VM_FAULT_RETRY) {
                                        if (nonblocking)
                                                *nonblocking = 0;
                                        return i;
                                }

                                /*
                                 * The VM_FAULT_WRITE bit tells us that
                                 * do_wp_page has broken COW when necessary,
                                 * even if maybe_mkwrite decided not to set
                                 * pte_write. We can thus safely do subsequent
                                 * page lookups as if they were reads. But only
                                 * do so when looping for pte_write is futile:
                                 * in some cases userspace may also be wanting
                                 * to write to the gotten user page, which a
                                 * read fault here might prevent (a readonly
                                 * page might get reCOWed by userspace write).
                                 */
                                if ((ret & VM_FAULT_WRITE) &&
                                    !(vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE))
                                        foll_flags &= ~FOLL_WRITE;

                                cond_resched();
                        }
                        if (IS_ERR(page))
                                return i ? i : PTR_ERR(page);
                        if (pages) {
                                pages[i] = page;

                                flush_anon_page(vma, page, start);
                                flush_dcache_page(page);
                        }
next_page:
                        if (vmas)
                                vmas[i] = vma;
                        i++;
                        start += PAGE_SIZE;
                        nr_pages--;
                } while (nr_pages && start < vma->vm_end);
        } while (nr_pages);
        return i;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__get_user_pages);

/*
 * fixup_user_fault() - manually resolve a user page fault
 * @tsk:        the task_struct to use for page fault accounting, or
 *              NULL if faults are not to be recorded.
 * @mm:         mm_struct of target mm
 * @address:    user address
 * @fault_flags:flags to pass down to handle_mm_fault()
 *
 * This is meant to be called in the specific scenario where for locking reasons
 * we try to access user memory in atomic context (within a pagefault_disable()
 * section), this returns -EFAULT, and we want to resolve the user fault before
 * trying again.
 *
 * Typically this is meant to be used by the futex code.
 *
 * The main difference with get_user_pages() is that this function will
 * unconditionally call handle_mm_fault() which will in turn perform all the
 * necessary SW fixup of the dirty and young bits in the PTE, while
 * handle_mm_fault() only guarantees to update these in the struct page.
 *
 * This is important for some architectures where those bits also gate the
 * access permission to the page because they are maintained in software.  On
 * such architectures, gup() will not be enough to make a subsequent access
 * succeed.
 *
 * This should be called with the mm_sem held for read.
 */
int fixup_user_fault(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
                     unsigned long address, unsigned int fault_flags)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        int ret;

        vma = find_extend_vma(mm, address);
        if (!vma || address < vma->vm_start)
                return -EFAULT;

        ret = handle_mm_fault(mm, vma, address, fault_flags);
        if (ret & VM_FAULT_ERROR) {
                if (ret & VM_FAULT_OOM)
                        return -ENOMEM;
                if (ret & (VM_FAULT_HWPOISON | VM_FAULT_HWPOISON_LARGE))
                        return -EHWPOISON;
                if (ret & VM_FAULT_SIGBUS)
                        return -EFAULT;
                BUG();
        }
        if (tsk) {
                if (ret & VM_FAULT_MAJOR)
                        tsk->maj_flt++;
                else
                        tsk->min_flt++;
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * get_user_pages() - pin user pages in memory
 * @tsk:        the task_struct to use for page fault accounting, or
 *              NULL if faults are not to be recorded.
 * @mm:         mm_struct of target mm
 * @start:      starting user address
 * @nr_pages:   number of pages from start to pin
 * @write:      whether pages will be written to by the caller
 * @force:      whether to force write access even if user mapping is
 *              readonly. This will result in the page being COWed even
 *              in MAP_SHARED mappings. You do not want this.
 * @pages:      array that receives pointers to the pages pinned.
 *              Should be at least nr_pages long. Or NULL, if caller
 *              only intends to ensure the pages are faulted in.
 * @vmas:       array of pointers to vmas corresponding to each page.
 *              Or NULL if the caller does not require them.
 *
 * Returns number of pages pinned. This may be fewer than the number
 * requested. If nr_pages is 0 or negative, returns 0. If no pages
 * were pinned, returns -errno. Each page returned must be released
 * with a put_page() call when it is finished with. vmas will only
 * remain valid while mmap_sem is held.
 *
 * Must be called with mmap_sem held for read or write.
 *
 * get_user_pages walks a process's page tables and takes a reference to
 * each struct page that each user address corresponds to at a given
 * instant. That is, it takes the page that would be accessed if a user
 * thread accesses the given user virtual address at that instant.
 *
 * This does not guarantee that the page exists in the user mappings when
 * get_user_pages returns, and there may even be a completely different
 * page there in some cases (eg. if mmapped pagecache has been invalidated
 * and subsequently re faulted). However it does guarantee that the page
 * won't be freed completely. And mostly callers simply care that the page
 * contains data that was valid *at some point in time*. Typically, an IO
 * or similar operation cannot guarantee anything stronger anyway because
 * locks can't be held over the syscall boundary.
 *
 * If write=0, the page must not be written to. If the page is written to,
 * set_page_dirty (or set_page_dirty_lock, as appropriate) must be called
 * after the page is finished with, and before put_page is called.
 *
 * get_user_pages is typically used for fewer-copy IO operations, to get a
 * handle on the memory by some means other than accesses via the user virtual
 * addresses. The pages may be submitted for DMA to devices or accessed via
 * their kernel linear mapping (via the kmap APIs). Care should be taken to
 * use the correct cache flushing APIs.
 *
 * See also get_user_pages_fast, for performance critical applications.
 */
int get_user_pages(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
                unsigned long start, int nr_pages, int write, int force,
                struct page **pages, struct vm_area_struct **vmas)
{
        int flags = FOLL_TOUCH;

        if (pages)
                flags |= FOLL_GET;
        if (write)
                flags |= FOLL_WRITE;
        if (force)
                flags |= FOLL_FORCE;

        return __get_user_pages(tsk, mm, start, nr_pages, flags, pages, vmas,
                                NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(get_user_pages);

/**
 * get_dump_page() - pin user page in memory while writing it to core dump
 * @addr: user address
 *
 * Returns struct page pointer of user page pinned for dump,
 * to be freed afterwards by page_cache_release() or put_page().
 *
 * Returns NULL on any kind of failure - a hole must then be inserted into
 * the corefile, to preserve alignment with its headers; and also returns
 * NULL wherever the ZERO_PAGE, or an anonymous pte_none, has been found -
 * allowing a hole to be left in the corefile to save diskspace.
 *
 * Called without mmap_sem, but after all other threads have been killed.
 */
#ifdef CONFIG_ELF_CORE
struct page *get_dump_page(unsigned long addr)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        struct page *page;

        if (__get_user_pages(current, current->mm, addr, 1,
                             FOLL_FORCE | FOLL_DUMP | FOLL_GET, &page, &vma,
                             NULL) < 1)
                return NULL;
        flush_cache_page(vma, addr, page_to_pfn(page));
        return page;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_ELF_CORE */

pte_t *__get_locked_pte(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
                        spinlock_t **ptl)
{
        pgd_t * pgd = pgd_offset(mm, addr);
        pud_t * pud = pud_alloc(mm, pgd, addr);
        if (pud) {
                pmd_t * pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, pud, addr);
                if (pmd) {
                        VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
                        return pte_alloc_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, ptl);
                }
        }
        return NULL;
}

/*
 * This is the old fallback for page remapping.
 *
 * For historical reasons, it only allows reserved pages. Only
 * old drivers should use this, and they needed to mark their
 * pages reserved for the old functions anyway.
 */
static int insert_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                        struct page *page, pgprot_t prot)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        int retval;
        pte_t *pte;
        spinlock_t *ptl;

        retval = -EINVAL;
        if (PageAnon(page))
                goto out;
        retval = -ENOMEM;
        flush_dcache_page(page);
        pte = get_locked_pte(mm, addr, &ptl);
        if (!pte)
                goto out;
        retval = -EBUSY;
        if (!pte_none(*pte))
                goto out_unlock;

        /* Ok, finally just insert the thing.. */
        get_page(page);
        inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_FILEPAGES);
        page_add_file_rmap(page);
        set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte, mk_pte(page, prot));

        retval = 0;
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
        return retval;
out_unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
out:
        return retval;
}

/**
 * vm_insert_page - insert single page into user vma
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target user address of this page
 * @page: source kernel page
 *
 * This allows drivers to insert individual pages they've allocated
 * into a user vma.
 *
 * The page has to be a nice clean _individual_ kernel allocation.
 * If you allocate a compound page, you need to have marked it as
 * such (__GFP_COMP), or manually just split the page up yourself
 * (see split_page()).
 *
 * NOTE! Traditionally this was done with "remap_pfn_range()" which
 * took an arbitrary page protection parameter. This doesn't allow
 * that. Your vma protection will have to be set up correctly, which
 * means that if you want a shared writable mapping, you'd better
 * ask for a shared writable mapping!
 *
 * The page does not need to be reserved.
 */
int vm_insert_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                        struct page *page)
{
        if (addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end)
                return -EFAULT;
        if (!page_count(page))
                return -EINVAL;
        vma->vm_flags |= VM_INSERTPAGE;
        return insert_page(vma, addr, page, vma->vm_page_prot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_insert_page);

static int insert_pfn(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                        unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        int retval;
        pte_t *pte, entry;
        spinlock_t *ptl;

        retval = -ENOMEM;
        pte = get_locked_pte(mm, addr, &ptl);
        if (!pte)
                goto out;
        retval = -EBUSY;
        if (!pte_none(*pte))
                goto out_unlock;

        /* Ok, finally just insert the thing.. */
        entry = pte_mkspecial(pfn_pte(pfn, prot));
        set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte, entry);
        update_mmu_cache(vma, addr, pte); /* XXX: why not for insert_page? */

        retval = 0;
out_unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
out:
        return retval;
}

/**
 * vm_insert_pfn - insert single pfn into user vma
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target user address of this page
 * @pfn: source kernel pfn
 *
 * Similar to vm_inert_page, this allows drivers to insert individual pages
 * they've allocated into a user vma. Same comments apply.
 *
 * This function should only be called from a vm_ops->fault handler, and
 * in that case the handler should return NULL.
 *
 * vma cannot be a COW mapping.
 *
 * As this is called only for pages that do not currently exist, we
 * do not need to flush old virtual caches or the TLB.
 */
int vm_insert_pfn(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                        unsigned long pfn)
{
        int ret;
        pgprot_t pgprot = vma->vm_page_prot;
        /*
         * Technically, architectures with pte_special can avoid all these
         * restrictions (same for remap_pfn_range).  However we would like
         * consistency in testing and feature parity among all, so we should
         * try to keep these invariants in place for everybody.
         */
        BUG_ON(!(vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP)));
        BUG_ON((vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP)) ==
                                                (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP));
        BUG_ON((vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP) && is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags));
        BUG_ON((vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP) && pfn_valid(pfn));

        if (addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end)
                return -EFAULT;
        if (track_pfn_vma_new(vma, &pgprot, pfn, PAGE_SIZE))
                return -EINVAL;

        ret = insert_pfn(vma, addr, pfn, pgprot);

        if (ret)
                untrack_pfn_vma(vma, pfn, PAGE_SIZE);

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_insert_pfn);

int vm_insert_mixed(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                        unsigned long pfn)
{
        BUG_ON(!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP));

        if (addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end)
                return -EFAULT;

        /*
         * If we don't have pte special, then we have to use the pfn_valid()
         * based VM_MIXEDMAP scheme (see vm_normal_page), and thus we *must*
         * refcount the page if pfn_valid is true (hence insert_page rather
         * than insert_pfn).  If a zero_pfn were inserted into a VM_MIXEDMAP
         * without pte special, it would there be refcounted as a normal page.
         */
        if (!HAVE_PTE_SPECIAL && pfn_valid(pfn)) {
                struct page *page;

                page = pfn_to_page(pfn);
                return insert_page(vma, addr, page, vma->vm_page_prot);
        }
        return insert_pfn(vma, addr, pfn, vma->vm_page_prot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_insert_mixed);

/*
 * maps a range of physical memory into the requested pages. the old
 * mappings are removed. any references to nonexistent pages results
 * in null mappings (currently treated as "copy-on-access")
 */
static int remap_pte_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd,
                        unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                        unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
        pte_t *pte;
        spinlock_t *ptl;

        pte = pte_alloc_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
        if (!pte)
                return -ENOMEM;
        arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();
        do {
                BUG_ON(!pte_none(*pte));
                set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte, pte_mkspecial(pfn_pte(pfn, prot)));
                pfn++;
        } while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
        arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte - 1, ptl);
        return 0;
}

static inline int remap_pmd_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pud_t *pud,
                        unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                        unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
        pmd_t *pmd;
        unsigned long next;

        pfn -= addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, pud, addr);
        if (!pmd)
                return -ENOMEM;
        VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
        do {
                next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (remap_pte_range(mm, pmd, addr, next,
                                pfn + (addr >> PAGE_SHIFT), prot))
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);
        return 0;
}

static inline int remap_pud_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pgd_t *pgd,
                        unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                        unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
        pud_t *pud;
        unsigned long next;

        pfn -= addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pud = pud_alloc(mm, pgd, addr);
        if (!pud)
                return -ENOMEM;
        do {
                next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
                if (remap_pmd_range(mm, pud, addr, next,
                                pfn + (addr >> PAGE_SHIFT), prot))
                        return -ENOMEM;
        } while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);
        return 0;
}

/**
 * remap_pfn_range - remap kernel memory to userspace
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target user address to start at
 * @pfn: physical address of kernel memory
 * @size: size of map area
 * @prot: page protection flags for this mapping
 *
 *  Note: this is only safe if the mm semaphore is held when called.
 */
int remap_pfn_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                    unsigned long pfn, unsigned long size, pgprot_t prot)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        unsigned long next;
        unsigned long end = addr + PAGE_ALIGN(size);
        struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
        int err;

        /*
         * Physically remapped pages are special. Tell the
         * rest of the world about it:
         *   VM_IO tells people not to look at these pages
         *      (accesses can have side effects).
         *   VM_RESERVED is specified all over the place, because
         *      in 2.4 it kept swapout's vma scan off this vma; but
         *      in 2.6 the LRU scan won't even find its pages, so this
         *      flag means no more than count its pages in reserved_vm,
         *      and omit it from core dump, even when VM_IO turned off.
         *   VM_PFNMAP tells the core MM that the base pages are just
         *      raw PFN mappings, and do not have a "struct page" associated
         *      with them.
         *
         * There's a horrible special case to handle copy-on-write
         * behaviour that some programs depend on. We mark the "original"
         * un-COW'ed pages by matching them up with "vma->vm_pgoff".
         */
        if (addr == vma->vm_start && end == vma->vm_end) {
                vma->vm_pgoff = pfn;
                vma->vm_flags |= VM_PFN_AT_MMAP;
        } else if (is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags))
                return -EINVAL;

        vma->vm_flags |= VM_IO | VM_RESERVED | VM_PFNMAP;

        err = track_pfn_vma_new(vma, &prot, pfn, PAGE_ALIGN(size));
        if (err) {
                /*
                 * To indicate that track_pfn related cleanup is not
                 * needed from higher level routine calling unmap_vmas
                 */
                vma->vm_flags &= ~(VM_IO | VM_RESERVED | VM_PFNMAP);
                vma->vm_flags &= ~VM_PFN_AT_MMAP;
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        BUG_ON(addr >= end);
        pfn -= addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pgd = pgd_offset(mm, addr);
        flush_cache_range(vma, addr, end);
        do {
                next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
                err = remap_pud_range(mm, pgd, addr, next,
                                pfn + (addr >> PAGE_SHIFT), prot);
                if (err)
                        break;
        } while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);

        if (err)
                untrack_pfn_vma(vma, pfn, PAGE_ALIGN(size));

        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(remap_pfn_range);

static int apply_to_pte_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd,
                                     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                     pte_fn_t fn, void *data)
{
        pte_t *pte;
        int err;
        pgtable_t token;
        spinlock_t *uninitialized_var(ptl);

        pte = (mm == &init_mm) ?
                pte_alloc_kernel(pmd, addr) :
                pte_alloc_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
        if (!pte)
                return -ENOMEM;

        BUG_ON(pmd_huge(*pmd));

        arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();

        token = pmd_pgtable(*pmd);

        do {
                err = fn(pte++, token, addr, data);
                if (err)
                        break;
        } while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);

        arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();

        if (mm != &init_mm)
                pte_unmap_unlock(pte-1, ptl);
        return err;
}

static int apply_to_pmd_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pud_t *pud,
                                     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                     pte_fn_t fn, void *data)
{
        pmd_t *pmd;
        unsigned long next;
        int err;

        BUG_ON(pud_huge(*pud));

        pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, pud, addr);
        if (!pmd)
                return -ENOMEM;
        do {
                next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
                err = apply_to_pte_range(mm, pmd, addr, next, fn, data);
                if (err)
                        break;
        } while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);
        return err;
}

static int apply_to_pud_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pgd_t *pgd,
                                     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
                                     pte_fn_t fn, void *data)
{
        pud_t *pud;
        unsigned long next;
        int err;

        pud = pud_alloc(mm, pgd, addr);
        if (!pud)
                return -ENOMEM;
        do {
                next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
                err = apply_to_pmd_range(mm, pud, addr, next, fn, data);
                if (err)
                        break;
        } while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);
        return err;
}

/*
 * Scan a region of virtual memory, filling in page tables as necessary
 * and calling a provided function on each leaf page table.
 */
int apply_to_page_range(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
                        unsigned long size, pte_fn_t fn, void *data)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        unsigned long next;
        unsigned long end = addr + size;
        int err;

        BUG_ON(addr >= end);
        pgd = pgd_offset(mm, addr);
        do {
                next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
                err = apply_to_pud_range(mm, pgd, addr, next, fn, data);
                if (err)
                        break;
        } while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);

        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(apply_to_page_range);

/*
 * handle_pte_fault chooses page fault handler according to an entry
 * which was read non-atomically.  Before making any commitment, on
 * those architectures or configurations (e.g. i386 with PAE) which
 * might give a mix of unmatched parts, do_swap_page and do_nonlinear_fault
 * must check under lock before unmapping the pte and proceeding
 * (but do_wp_page is only called after already making such a check;
 * and do_anonymous_page can safely check later on).
 */
static inline int pte_unmap_same(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd,
                                pte_t *page_table, pte_t orig_pte)
{
        int same = 1;
#if defined(CONFIG_SMP) || defined(CONFIG_PREEMPT)
        if (sizeof(pte_t) > sizeof(unsigned long)) {
                spinlock_t *ptl = pte_lockptr(mm, pmd);
                spin_lock(ptl);
                same = pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte);
                spin_unlock(ptl);
        }
#endif
        pte_unmap(page_table);
        return same;
}

static inline void cow_user_page(struct page *dst, struct page *src, unsigned long va, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        /*
         * If the source page was a PFN mapping, we don't have
         * a "struct page" for it. We do a best-effort copy by
         * just copying from the original user address. If that
         * fails, we just zero-fill it. Live with it.
         */
        if (unlikely(!src)) {
                void *kaddr = kmap_atomic(dst);
                void __user *uaddr = (void __user *)(va & PAGE_MASK);

                /*
                 * This really shouldn't fail, because the page is there
                 * in the page tables. But it might just be unreadable,
                 * in which case we just give up and fill the result with
                 * zeroes.
                 */
                if (__copy_from_user_inatomic(kaddr, uaddr, PAGE_SIZE))
                        clear_page(kaddr);
                kunmap_atomic(kaddr);
                flush_dcache_page(dst);
        } else
                copy_user_highpage(dst, src, va, vma);
}

/*
 * This routine handles present pages, when users try to write
 * to a shared page. It is done by copying the page to a new address
 * and decrementing the shared-page counter for the old page.
 *
 * Note that this routine assumes that the protection checks have been
 * done by the caller (the low-level page fault routine in most cases).
 * Thus we can safely just mark it writable once we've done any necessary
 * COW.
 *
 * We also mark the page dirty at this point even though the page will
 * change only once the write actually happens. This avoids a few races,
 * and potentially makes it more efficient.
 *
 * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_sem (to exclude vma changes,
 * but allow concurrent faults), with pte both mapped and locked.
 * We return with mmap_sem still held, but pte unmapped and unlocked.
 */
static int do_wp_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, pte_t *page_table, pmd_t *pmd,
                spinlock_t *ptl, pte_t orig_pte)
        __releases(ptl)
{
        struct page *old_page, *new_page;
        pte_t entry;
        int ret = 0;
        int page_mkwrite = 0;
        struct page *dirty_page = NULL;

        old_page = vm_normal_page(vma, address, orig_pte);
        if (!old_page) {
                /*
                 * VM_MIXEDMAP !pfn_valid() case
                 *
                 * We should not cow pages in a shared writeable mapping.
                 * Just mark the pages writable as we can't do any dirty
                 * accounting on raw pfn maps.
                 */
                if ((vma->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)) ==
                                     (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED))
                        goto reuse;
                goto gotten;
        }

        /*
         * Take out anonymous pages first, anonymous shared vmas are
         * not dirty accountable.
         */
        if (PageAnon(old_page) && !PageKsm(old_page)) {
                if (!trylock_page(old_page)) {
                        page_cache_get(old_page);
                        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
                        lock_page(old_page);
                        page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address,
                                                         &ptl);
                        if (!pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte)) {
                                unlock_page(old_page);
                                goto unlock;
                        }
                        page_cache_release(old_page);
                }
                if (reuse_swap_page(old_page)) {
                        /*
                         * The page is all ours.  Move it to our anon_vma so
                         * the rmap code will not search our parent or siblings.
                         * Protected against the rmap code by the page lock.
                         */
                        page_move_anon_rmap(old_page, vma, address);
                        unlock_page(old_page);
                        goto reuse;
                }
                unlock_page(old_page);
        } else if (unlikely((vma->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED)) ==
                                        (VM_WRITE|VM_SHARED))) {
                /*
                 * Only catch write-faults on shared writable pages,
                 * read-only shared pages can get COWed by
                 * get_user_pages(.write=1, .force=1).
                 */
                if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite) {
                        struct vm_fault vmf;
                        int tmp;

                        vmf.virtual_address = (void __user *)(address &
                                                                PAGE_MASK);
                        vmf.pgoff = old_page->index;
                        vmf.flags = FAULT_FLAG_WRITE|FAULT_FLAG_MKWRITE;
                        vmf.page = old_page;

                        /*
                         * Notify the address space that the page is about to
                         * become writable so that it can prohibit this or wait
                         * for the page to get into an appropriate state.
                         *
                         * We do this without the lock held, so that it can
                         * sleep if it needs to.
                         */
                        page_cache_get(old_page);
                        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);

                        tmp = vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite(vma, &vmf);
                        if (unlikely(tmp &
                                        (VM_FAULT_ERROR | VM_FAULT_NOPAGE))) {
                                ret = tmp;
                                goto unwritable_page;
                        }
                        if (unlikely(!(tmp & VM_FAULT_LOCKED))) {
                                lock_page(old_page);
                                if (!old_page->mapping) {
                                        ret = 0; /* retry the fault */
                                        unlock_page(old_page);
                                        goto unwritable_page;
                                }
                        } else
                                VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(old_page));

                        /*
                         * Since we dropped the lock we need to revalidate
                         * the PTE as someone else may have changed it.  If
                         * they did, we just return, as we can count on the
                         * MMU to tell us if they didn't also make it writable.
                         */
                        page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address,
                                                         &ptl);
                        if (!pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte)) {
                                unlock_page(old_page);
                                goto unlock;
                        }

                        page_mkwrite = 1;
                }
                dirty_page = old_page;
                get_page(dirty_page);

reuse:
                flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(orig_pte));
                entry = pte_mkyoung(orig_pte);
                entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
                if (ptep_set_access_flags(vma, address, page_table, entry,1))
                        update_mmu_cache(vma, address, page_table);
                pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
                ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;

                if (!dirty_page)
                        return ret;

                /*
                 * Yes, Virginia, this is actually required to prevent a race
                 * with clear_page_dirty_for_io() from clearing the page dirty
                 * bit after it clear all dirty ptes, but before a racing
                 * do_wp_page installs a dirty pte.
                 *
                 * __do_fault is protected similarly.
                 */
                if (!page_mkwrite) {
                        wait_on_page_locked(dirty_page);
                        set_page_dirty_balance(dirty_page, page_mkwrite);
                }
                put_page(dirty_page);
                if (page_mkwrite) {
                        struct address_space *mapping = dirty_page->mapping;

                        set_page_dirty(dirty_page);
                        unlock_page(dirty_page);
                        page_cache_release(dirty_page);
                        if (mapping)    {
                                /*
                                 * Some device drivers do not set page.mapping
                                 * but still dirty their pages
                                 */
                                balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping);
                        }
                }

                /* file_update_time outside page_lock */
                if (vma->vm_file)
                        file_update_time(vma->vm_file);

                return ret;
        }

        /*
         * Ok, we need to copy. Oh, well..
         */
        page_cache_get(old_page);
gotten:
        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);

        if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
                goto oom;

        if (is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(orig_pte))) {
                new_page = alloc_zeroed_user_highpage_movable(vma, address);
                if (!new_page)
                        goto oom;
        } else {
                new_page = alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, vma, address);
                if (!new_page)
                        goto oom;
                cow_user_page(new_page, old_page, address, vma);
        }
        __SetPageUptodate(new_page);

        if (mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(new_page, mm, GFP_KERNEL))
                goto oom_free_new;

        /*
         * Re-check the pte - we dropped the lock
         */
        page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
        if (likely(pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte))) {
                if (old_page) {
                        if (!PageAnon(old_page)) {
                                dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_FILEPAGES);
                                inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
                        }
                } else
                        inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
                flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(orig_pte));
                entry = mk_pte(new_page, vma->vm_page_prot);
                entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
                /*
                 * Clear the pte entry and flush it first, before updating the
                 * pte with the new entry. This will avoid a race condition
                 * seen in the presence of one thread doing SMC and another
                 * thread doing COW.
                 */
                ptep_clear_flush(vma, address, page_table);
                page_add_new_anon_rmap(new_page, vma, address);
                /*
                 * We call the notify macro here because, when using secondary
                 * mmu page tables (such as kvm shadow page tables), we want the
                 * new page to be mapped directly into the secondary page table.
                 */
                set_pte_at_notify(mm, address, page_table, entry);
                update_mmu_cache(vma, address, page_table);
                if (old_page) {
                        /*
                         * Only after switching the pte to the new page may
                         * we remove the mapcount here. Otherwise another
                         * process may come and find the rmap count decremented
                         * before the pte is switched to the new page, and
                         * "reuse" the old page writing into it while our pte
                         * here still points into it and can be read by other
                         * threads.
                         *
                         * The critical issue is to order this
                         * page_remove_rmap with the ptp_clear_flush above.
                         * Those stores are ordered by (if nothing else,)
                         * the barrier present in the atomic_add_negative
                         * in page_remove_rmap.
                         *
                         * Then the TLB flush in ptep_clear_flush ensures that
                         * no process can access the old page before the
                         * decremented mapcount is visible. And the old page
                         * cannot be reused until after the decremented
                         * mapcount is visible. So transitively, TLBs to
                         * old page will be flushed before it can be reused.
                         */
                        page_remove_rmap(old_page);
                }

                /* Free the old page.. */
                new_page = old_page;
                ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;
        } else
                mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(new_page);

        if (new_page)
                page_cache_release(new_page);
unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
        if (old_page) {
                /*
                 * Don't let another task, with possibly unlocked vma,
                 * keep the mlocked page.
                 */
                if ((ret & VM_FAULT_WRITE) && (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)) {
                        lock_page(old_page);    /* LRU manipulation */
                        munlock_vma_page(old_page);
                        unlock_page(old_page);
                }
                page_cache_release(old_page);
        }
        return ret;
oom_free_new:
        page_cache_release(new_page);
oom:
        if (old_page) {
                if (page_mkwrite) {
                        unlock_page(old_page);
                        page_cache_release(old_page);
                }
                page_cache_release(old_page);
        }
        return VM_FAULT_OOM;

unwritable_page:
        page_cache_release(old_page);
        return ret;
}

static void unmap_mapping_range_vma(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long start_addr, unsigned long end_addr,
                struct zap_details *details)
{
        zap_page_range(vma, start_addr, end_addr - start_addr, details);
}

static inline void unmap_mapping_range_tree(struct prio_tree_root *root,
                                            struct zap_details *details)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        struct prio_tree_iter iter;
        pgoff_t vba, vea, zba, zea;

        vma_prio_tree_foreach(vma, &iter, root,
                        details->first_index, details->last_index) {

                vba = vma->vm_pgoff;
                vea = vba + ((vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT) - 1;
                /* Assume for now that PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT == PAGE_SHIFT */
                zba = details->first_index;
                if (zba < vba)
                        zba = vba;
                zea = details->last_index;
                if (zea > vea)
                        zea = vea;

                unmap_mapping_range_vma(vma,
                        ((zba - vba) << PAGE_SHIFT) + vma->vm_start,
                        ((zea - vba + 1) << PAGE_SHIFT) + vma->vm_start,
                                details);
        }
}

static inline void unmap_mapping_range_list(struct list_head *head,
                                            struct zap_details *details)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;

        /*
         * In nonlinear VMAs there is no correspondence between virtual address
         * offset and file offset.  So we must perform an exhaustive search
         * across *all* the pages in each nonlinear VMA, not just the pages
         * whose virtual address lies outside the file truncation point.
         */
        list_for_each_entry(vma, head, shared.vm_set.list) {
                details->nonlinear_vma = vma;
                unmap_mapping_range_vma(vma, vma->vm_start, vma->vm_end, details);
        }
}

/**
 * unmap_mapping_range - unmap the portion of all mmaps in the specified address_space corresponding to the specified page range in the underlying file.
 * @mapping: the address space containing mmaps to be unmapped.
 * @holebegin: byte in first page to unmap, relative to the start of
 * the underlying file.  This will be rounded down to a PAGE_SIZE
 * boundary.  Note that this is different from truncate_pagecache(), which
 * must keep the partial page.  In contrast, we must get rid of
 * partial pages.
 * @holelen: size of prospective hole in bytes.  This will be rounded
 * up to a PAGE_SIZE boundary.  A holelen of zero truncates to the
 * end of the file.
 * @even_cows: 1 when truncating a file, unmap even private COWed pages;
 * but 0 when invalidating pagecache, don't throw away private data.
 */
void unmap_mapping_range(struct address_space *mapping,
                loff_t const holebegin, loff_t const holelen, int even_cows)
{
        struct zap_details details;
        pgoff_t hba = holebegin >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pgoff_t hlen = (holelen + PAGE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;

        /* Check for overflow. */
        if (sizeof(holelen) > sizeof(hlen)) {
                long long holeend =
                        (holebegin + holelen + PAGE_SIZE - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
                if (holeend & ~(long long)ULONG_MAX)
                        hlen = ULONG_MAX - hba + 1;
        }

        details.check_mapping = even_cows? NULL: mapping;
        details.nonlinear_vma = NULL;
        details.first_index = hba;
        details.last_index = hba + hlen - 1;
        if (details.last_index < details.first_index)
                details.last_index = ULONG_MAX;


        mutex_lock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
        if (unlikely(!prio_tree_empty(&mapping->i_mmap)))
                unmap_mapping_range_tree(&mapping->i_mmap, &details);
        if (unlikely(!list_empty(&mapping->i_mmap_nonlinear)))
                unmap_mapping_range_list(&mapping->i_mmap_nonlinear, &details);
        mutex_unlock(&mapping->i_mmap_mutex);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(unmap_mapping_range);

/*
 * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_sem (to exclude vma changes,
 * but allow concurrent faults), and pte mapped but not yet locked.
 * We return with mmap_sem still held, but pte unmapped and unlocked.
 */
static int do_swap_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, pte_t *page_table, pmd_t *pmd,
                unsigned int flags, pte_t orig_pte)
{
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        struct page *page, *swapcache = NULL;
        swp_entry_t entry;
        pte_t pte;
        int locked;
        struct mem_cgroup *ptr;
        int exclusive = 0;
        int ret = 0;

        if (!pte_unmap_same(mm, pmd, page_table, orig_pte))
                goto out;

        entry = pte_to_swp_entry(orig_pte);
        if (unlikely(non_swap_entry(entry))) {
                if (is_migration_entry(entry)) {
                        migration_entry_wait(mm, pmd, address);
                } else if (is_hwpoison_entry(entry)) {
                        ret = VM_FAULT_HWPOISON;
                } else {
                        print_bad_pte(vma, address, orig_pte, NULL);
                        ret = VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
                }
                goto out;
        }
        delayacct_set_flag(DELAYACCT_PF_SWAPIN);
        page = lookup_swap_cache(entry);
        if (!page) {
                grab_swap_token(mm); /* Contend for token _before_ read-in */
                page = swapin_readahead(entry,
                                        GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, vma, address);
                if (!page) {
                        /*
                         * Back out if somebody else faulted in this pte
                         * while we released the pte lock.
                         */
                        page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
                        if (likely(pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte)))
                                ret = VM_FAULT_OOM;
                        delayacct_clear_flag(DELAYACCT_PF_SWAPIN);
                        goto unlock;
                }

                /* Had to read the page from swap area: Major fault */
                ret = VM_FAULT_MAJOR;
                count_vm_event(PGMAJFAULT);
                mem_cgroup_count_vm_event(mm, PGMAJFAULT);
        } else if (PageHWPoison(page)) {
                /*
                 * hwpoisoned dirty swapcache pages are kept for killing
                 * owner processes (which may be unknown at hwpoison time)
                 */
                ret = VM_FAULT_HWPOISON;
                delayacct_clear_flag(DELAYACCT_PF_SWAPIN);
                goto out_release;
        }

        locked = lock_page_or_retry(page, mm, flags);
        delayacct_clear_flag(DELAYACCT_PF_SWAPIN);
        if (!locked) {
                ret |= VM_FAULT_RETRY;
                goto out_release;
        }

        /*
         * Make sure try_to_free_swap or reuse_swap_page or swapoff did not
         * release the swapcache from under us.  The page pin, and pte_same
         * test below, are not enough to exclude that.  Even if it is still
         * swapcache, we need to check that the page's swap has not changed.
         */
        if (unlikely(!PageSwapCache(page) || page_private(page) != entry.val))
                goto out_page;

        if (ksm_might_need_to_copy(page, vma, address)) {
                swapcache = page;
                page = ksm_does_need_to_copy(page, vma, address);

                if (unlikely(!page)) {
                        ret = VM_FAULT_OOM;
                        page = swapcache;
                        swapcache = NULL;
                        goto out_page;
                }
        }

        if (mem_cgroup_try_charge_swapin(mm, page, GFP_KERNEL, &ptr)) {
                ret = VM_FAULT_OOM;
                goto out_page;
        }

        /*
         * Back out if somebody else already faulted in this pte.
         */
        page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
        if (unlikely(!pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte)))
                goto out_nomap;

        if (unlikely(!PageUptodate(page))) {
                ret = VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
                goto out_nomap;
        }

        /*
         * The page isn't present yet, go ahead with the fault.
         *
         * Be careful about the sequence of operations here.
         * To get its accounting right, reuse_swap_page() must be called
         * while the page is counted on swap but not yet in mapcount i.e.
         * before page_add_anon_rmap() and swap_free(); try_to_free_swap()
         * must be called after the swap_free(), or it will never succeed.
         * Because delete_from_swap_page() may be called by reuse_swap_page(),
         * mem_cgroup_commit_charge_swapin() may not be able to find swp_entry
         * in page->private. In this case, a record in swap_cgroup  is silently
         * discarded at swap_free().
         */

        inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
        dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_SWAPENTS);
        pte = mk_pte(page, vma->vm_page_prot);
        if ((flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE) && reuse_swap_page(page)) {
                pte = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(pte), vma);
                flags &= ~FAULT_FLAG_WRITE;
                ret |= VM_FAULT_WRITE;
                exclusive = 1;
        }
        flush_icache_page(vma, page);
        set_pte_at(mm, address, page_table, pte);
        do_page_add_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, exclusive);
        /* It's better to call commit-charge after rmap is established */
        mem_cgroup_commit_charge_swapin(page, ptr);

        swap_free(entry);
        if (vm_swap_full() || (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED) || PageMlocked(page))
                try_to_free_swap(page);
        unlock_page(page);
        if (swapcache) {
                /*
                 * Hold the lock to avoid the swap entry to be reused
                 * until we take the PT lock for the pte_same() check
                 * (to avoid false positives from pte_same). For
                 * further safety release the lock after the swap_free
                 * so that the swap count won't change under a
                 * parallel locked swapcache.
                 */
                unlock_page(swapcache);
                page_cache_release(swapcache);
        }

        if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE) {
                ret |= do_wp_page(mm, vma, address, page_table, pmd, ptl, pte);
                if (ret & VM_FAULT_ERROR)
                        ret &= VM_FAULT_ERROR;
                goto out;
        }

        /* No need to invalidate - it was non-present before */
        update_mmu_cache(vma, address, page_table);
unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
out:
        return ret;
out_nomap:
        mem_cgroup_cancel_charge_swapin(ptr);
        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
out_page:
        unlock_page(page);
out_release:
        page_cache_release(page);
        if (swapcache) {
                unlock_page(swapcache);
                page_cache_release(swapcache);
        }
        return ret;
}

/*
 * This is like a special single-page "expand_{down|up}wards()",
 * except we must first make sure that 'address{-|+}PAGE_SIZE'
 * doesn't hit another vma.
 */
static inline int check_stack_guard_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address)
{
        address &= PAGE_MASK;
        if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_GROWSDOWN) && address == vma->vm_start) {
                struct vm_area_struct *prev = vma->vm_prev;

                /*
                 * Is there a mapping abutting this one below?
                 *
                 * That's only ok if it's the same stack mapping
                 * that has gotten split..
                 */
                if (prev && prev->vm_end == address)
                        return prev->vm_flags & VM_GROWSDOWN ? 0 : -ENOMEM;

                expand_downwards(vma, address - PAGE_SIZE);
        }
        if ((vma->vm_flags & VM_GROWSUP) && address + PAGE_SIZE == vma->vm_end) {
                struct vm_area_struct *next = vma->vm_next;

                /* As VM_GROWSDOWN but s/below/above/ */
                if (next && next->vm_start == address + PAGE_SIZE)
                        return next->vm_flags & VM_GROWSUP ? 0 : -ENOMEM;

                expand_upwards(vma, address + PAGE_SIZE);
        }
        return 0;
}

/*
 * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_sem (to exclude vma changes,
 * but allow concurrent faults), and pte mapped but not yet locked.
 * We return with mmap_sem still held, but pte unmapped and unlocked.
 */
static int do_anonymous_page(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, pte_t *page_table, pmd_t *pmd,
                unsigned int flags)
{
        struct page *page;
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        pte_t entry;

        pte_unmap(page_table);

        /* Check if we need to add a guard page to the stack */
        if (check_stack_guard_page(vma, address) < 0)
                return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

        /* Use the zero-page for reads */
        if (!(flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE)) {
                entry = pte_mkspecial(pfn_pte(my_zero_pfn(address),
                                                vma->vm_page_prot));
                page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
                if (!pte_none(*page_table))
                        goto unlock;
                goto setpte;
        }

        /* Allocate our own private page. */
        if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
                goto oom;
        page = alloc_zeroed_user_highpage_movable(vma, address);
        if (!page)
                goto oom;
        __SetPageUptodate(page);

        if (mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(page, mm, GFP_KERNEL))
                goto oom_free_page;

        entry = mk_pte(page, vma->vm_page_prot);
        if (vma->vm_flags & VM_WRITE)
                entry = pte_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry));

        page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);
        if (!pte_none(*page_table))
                goto release;

        inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
        page_add_new_anon_rmap(page, vma, address);
setpte:
        set_pte_at(mm, address, page_table, entry);

        /* No need to invalidate - it was non-present before */
        update_mmu_cache(vma, address, page_table);
unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);
        return 0;
release:
        mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(page);
        page_cache_release(page);
        goto unlock;
oom_free_page:
        page_cache_release(page);
oom:
        return VM_FAULT_OOM;
}

/*
 * __do_fault() tries to create a new page mapping. It aggressively
 * tries to share with existing pages, but makes a separate copy if
 * the FAULT_FLAG_WRITE is set in the flags parameter in order to avoid
 * the next page fault.
 *
 * As this is called only for pages that do not currently exist, we
 * do not need to flush old virtual caches or the TLB.
 *
 * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_sem (to exclude vma changes,
 * but allow concurrent faults), and pte neither mapped nor locked.
 * We return with mmap_sem still held, but pte unmapped and unlocked.
 */
static int __do_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, pmd_t *pmd,
                pgoff_t pgoff, unsigned int flags, pte_t orig_pte)
{
        pte_t *page_table;
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        struct page *page;
        struct page *cow_page;
        pte_t entry;
        int anon = 0;
        struct page *dirty_page = NULL;
        struct vm_fault vmf;
        int ret;
        int page_mkwrite = 0;

        /*
         * If we do COW later, allocate page befor taking lock_page()
         * on the file cache page. This will reduce lock holding time.
         */
        if ((flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE) && !(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED)) {

                if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
                        return VM_FAULT_OOM;

                cow_page = alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, vma, address);
                if (!cow_page)
                        return VM_FAULT_OOM;

                if (mem_cgroup_newpage_charge(cow_page, mm, GFP_KERNEL)) {
                        page_cache_release(cow_page);
                        return VM_FAULT_OOM;
                }
        } else
                cow_page = NULL;

        vmf.virtual_address = (void __user *)(address & PAGE_MASK);
        vmf.pgoff = pgoff;
        vmf.flags = flags;
        vmf.page = NULL;

        ret = vma->vm_ops->fault(vma, &vmf);
        if (unlikely(ret & (VM_FAULT_ERROR | VM_FAULT_NOPAGE |
                            VM_FAULT_RETRY)))
                goto uncharge_out;

        if (unlikely(PageHWPoison(vmf.page))) {
                if (ret & VM_FAULT_LOCKED)
                        unlock_page(vmf.page);
                ret = VM_FAULT_HWPOISON;
                goto uncharge_out;
        }

        /*
         * For consistency in subsequent calls, make the faulted page always
         * locked.
         */
        if (unlikely(!(ret & VM_FAULT_LOCKED)))
                lock_page(vmf.page);
        else
                VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(vmf.page));

        /*
         * Should we do an early C-O-W break?
         */
        page = vmf.page;
        if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE) {
                if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_SHARED)) {
                        page = cow_page;
                        anon = 1;
                        copy_user_highpage(page, vmf.page, address, vma);
                        __SetPageUptodate(page);
                } else {
                        /*
                         * If the page will be shareable, see if the backing
                         * address space wants to know that the page is about
                         * to become writable
                         */
                        if (vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite) {
                                int tmp;

                                unlock_page(page);
                                vmf.flags = FAULT_FLAG_WRITE|FAULT_FLAG_MKWRITE;
                                tmp = vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite(vma, &vmf);
                                if (unlikely(tmp &
                                          (VM_FAULT_ERROR | VM_FAULT_NOPAGE))) {
                                        ret = tmp;
                                        goto unwritable_page;
                                }
                                if (unlikely(!(tmp & VM_FAULT_LOCKED))) {
                                        lock_page(page);
                                        if (!page->mapping) {
                                                ret = 0; /* retry the fault */
                                                unlock_page(page);
                                                goto unwritable_page;
                                        }
                                } else
                                        VM_BUG_ON(!PageLocked(page));
                                page_mkwrite = 1;
                        }
                }

        }

        page_table = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, &ptl);

        /*
         * This silly early PAGE_DIRTY setting removes a race
         * due to the bad i386 page protection. But it's valid
         * for other architectures too.
         *
         * Note that if FAULT_FLAG_WRITE is set, we either now have
         * an exclusive copy of the page, or this is a shared mapping,
         * so we can make it writable and dirty to avoid having to
         * handle that later.
         */
        /* Only go through if we didn't race with anybody else... */
        if (likely(pte_same(*page_table, orig_pte))) {
                flush_icache_page(vma, page);
                entry = mk_pte(page, vma->vm_page_prot);
                if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE)
                        entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
                if (anon) {
                        inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
                        page_add_new_anon_rmap(page, vma, address);
                } else {
                        inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_FILEPAGES);
                        page_add_file_rmap(page);
                        if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE) {
                                dirty_page = page;
                                get_page(dirty_page);
                        }
                }
                set_pte_at(mm, address, page_table, entry);

                /* no need to invalidate: a not-present page won't be cached */
                update_mmu_cache(vma, address, page_table);
        } else {
                if (cow_page)
                        mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(cow_page);
                if (anon)
                        page_cache_release(page);
                else
                        anon = 1; /* no anon but release faulted_page */
        }

        pte_unmap_unlock(page_table, ptl);

        if (dirty_page) {
                struct address_space *mapping = page->mapping;

                if (set_page_dirty(dirty_page))
                        page_mkwrite = 1;
                unlock_page(dirty_page);
                put_page(dirty_page);
                if (page_mkwrite && mapping) {
                        /*
                         * Some device drivers do not set page.mapping but still
                         * dirty their pages
                         */
                        balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping);
                }

                /* file_update_time outside page_lock */
                if (vma->vm_file)
                        file_update_time(vma->vm_file);
        } else {
                unlock_page(vmf.page);
                if (anon)
                        page_cache_release(vmf.page);
        }

        return ret;

unwritable_page:
        page_cache_release(page);
        return ret;
uncharge_out:
        /* fs's fault handler get error */
        if (cow_page) {
                mem_cgroup_uncharge_page(cow_page);
                page_cache_release(cow_page);
        }
        return ret;
}

static int do_linear_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, pte_t *page_table, pmd_t *pmd,
                unsigned int flags, pte_t orig_pte)
{
        pgoff_t pgoff = (((address & PAGE_MASK)
                        - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT) + vma->vm_pgoff;

        pte_unmap(page_table);
        return __do_fault(mm, vma, address, pmd, pgoff, flags, orig_pte);
}

/*
 * Fault of a previously existing named mapping. Repopulate the pte
 * from the encoded file_pte if possible. This enables swappable
 * nonlinear vmas.
 *
 * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_sem (to exclude vma changes,
 * but allow concurrent faults), and pte mapped but not yet locked.
 * We return with mmap_sem still held, but pte unmapped and unlocked.
 */
static int do_nonlinear_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, pte_t *page_table, pmd_t *pmd,
                unsigned int flags, pte_t orig_pte)
{
        pgoff_t pgoff;

        flags |= FAULT_FLAG_NONLINEAR;

        if (!pte_unmap_same(mm, pmd, page_table, orig_pte))
                return 0;

        if (unlikely(!(vma->vm_flags & VM_NONLINEAR))) {
                /*
                 * Page table corrupted: show pte and kill process.
                 */
                print_bad_pte(vma, address, orig_pte, NULL);
                return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
        }

        pgoff = pte_to_pgoff(orig_pte);
        return __do_fault(mm, vma, address, pmd, pgoff, flags, orig_pte);
}

/*
 * These routines also need to handle stuff like marking pages dirty
 * and/or accessed for architectures that don't do it in hardware (most
 * RISC architectures).  The early dirtying is also good on the i386.
 *
 * There is also a hook called "update_mmu_cache()" that architectures
 * with external mmu caches can use to update those (ie the Sparc or
 * PowerPC hashed page tables that act as extended TLBs).
 *
 * We enter with non-exclusive mmap_sem (to exclude vma changes,
 * but allow concurrent faults), and pte mapped but not yet locked.
 * We return with mmap_sem still held, but pte unmapped and unlocked.
 */
int handle_pte_fault(struct mm_struct *mm,
                     struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
                     pte_t *pte, pmd_t *pmd, unsigned int flags)
{
        pte_t entry;
        spinlock_t *ptl;

        entry = *pte;
        if (!pte_present(entry)) {
                if (pte_none(entry)) {
                        if (vma->vm_ops) {
                                if (likely(vma->vm_ops->fault))
                                        return do_linear_fault(mm, vma, address,
                                                pte, pmd, flags, entry);
                        }
                        return do_anonymous_page(mm, vma, address,
                                                 pte, pmd, flags);
                }
                if (pte_file(entry))
                        return do_nonlinear_fault(mm, vma, address,
                                        pte, pmd, flags, entry);
                return do_swap_page(mm, vma, address,
                                        pte, pmd, flags, entry);
        }

        ptl = pte_lockptr(mm, pmd);
        spin_lock(ptl);
        if (unlikely(!pte_same(*pte, entry)))
                goto unlock;
        if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE) {
                if (!pte_write(entry))
                        return do_wp_page(mm, vma, address,
                                        pte, pmd, ptl, entry);
                entry = pte_mkdirty(entry);
        }
        entry = pte_mkyoung(entry);
        if (ptep_set_access_flags(vma, address, pte, entry, flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE)) {
                update_mmu_cache(vma, address, pte);
        } else {
                /*
                 * This is needed only for protection faults but the arch code
                 * is not yet telling us if this is a protection fault or not.
                 * This still avoids useless tlb flushes for .text page faults
                 * with threads.
                 */
                if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE)
                        flush_tlb_fix_spurious_fault(vma, address);
        }
unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
        return 0;
}

/*
 * By the time we get here, we already hold the mm semaphore
 */
int handle_mm_fault(struct mm_struct *mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, unsigned int flags)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        pud_t *pud;
        pmd_t *pmd;
        pte_t *pte;

        __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);

        count_vm_event(PGFAULT);
        mem_cgroup_count_vm_event(mm, PGFAULT);

        /* do counter updates before entering really critical section. */
        check_sync_rss_stat(current);

        if (unlikely(is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma)))
                return hugetlb_fault(mm, vma, address, flags);

        pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
        pud = pud_alloc(mm, pgd, address);
        if (!pud)
                return VM_FAULT_OOM;
        pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, pud, address);
        if (!pmd)
                return VM_FAULT_OOM;
        if (pmd_none(*pmd) && transparent_hugepage_enabled(vma)) {
                if (!vma->vm_ops)
                        return do_huge_pmd_anonymous_page(mm, vma, address,
                                                          pmd, flags);
        } else {
                pmd_t orig_pmd = *pmd;
                barrier();
                if (pmd_trans_huge(orig_pmd)) {
                        if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_WRITE &&
                            !pmd_write(orig_pmd) &&
                            !pmd_trans_splitting(orig_pmd))
                                return do_huge_pmd_wp_page(mm, vma, address,
                                                           pmd, orig_pmd);
                        return 0;
                }
        }

        /*
         * Use __pte_alloc instead of pte_alloc_map, because we can't
         * run pte_offset_map on the pmd, if an huge pmd could
         * materialize from under us from a different thread.
         */
        if (unlikely(pmd_none(*pmd)) && __pte_alloc(mm, vma, pmd, address))
                return VM_FAULT_OOM;
        /* if an huge pmd materialized from under us just retry later */
        if (unlikely(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd)))
                return 0;
        /*
         * A regular pmd is established and it can't morph into a huge pmd
         * from under us anymore at this point because we hold the mmap_sem
         * read mode and khugepaged takes it in write mode. So now it's
         * safe to run pte_offset_map().
         */
        pte = pte_offset_map(pmd, address);

        return handle_pte_fault(mm, vma, address, pte, pmd, flags);
}

#ifndef __PAGETABLE_PUD_FOLDED
/*
 * Allocate page upper directory.
 * We've already handled the fast-path in-line.
 */
int __pud_alloc(struct mm_struct *mm, pgd_t *pgd, unsigned long address)
{
        pud_t *new = pud_alloc_one(mm, address);
        if (!new)
                return -ENOMEM;

        smp_wmb(); /* See comment in __pte_alloc */

        spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
        if (pgd_present(*pgd))          /* Another has populated it */
                pud_free(mm, new);
        else
                pgd_populate(mm, pgd, new);
        spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
        return 0;
}
#endif /* __PAGETABLE_PUD_FOLDED */

#ifndef __PAGETABLE_PMD_FOLDED
/*
 * Allocate page middle directory.
 * We've already handled the fast-path in-line.
 */
int __pmd_alloc(struct mm_struct *mm, pud_t *pud, unsigned long address)
{
        pmd_t *new = pmd_alloc_one(mm, address);
        if (!new)
                return -ENOMEM;

        smp_wmb(); /* See comment in __pte_alloc */

        spin_lock(&mm->page_table_lock);
#ifndef __ARCH_HAS_4LEVEL_HACK
        if (pud_present(*pud))          /* Another has populated it */
                pmd_free(mm, new);
        else
                pud_populate(mm, pud, new);
#else
        if (pgd_present(*pud))          /* Another has populated it */
                pmd_free(mm, new);
        else
                pgd_populate(mm, pud, new);
#endif /* __ARCH_HAS_4LEVEL_HACK */
        spin_unlock(&mm->page_table_lock);
        return 0;
}
#endif /* __PAGETABLE_PMD_FOLDED */

int make_pages_present(unsigned long addr, unsigned long end)
{
        int ret, len, write;
        struct vm_area_struct * vma;

        vma = find_vma(current->mm, addr);
        if (!vma)
                return -ENOMEM;
        /*
         * We want to touch writable mappings with a write fault in order
         * to break COW, except for shared mappings because these don't COW
         * and we would not want to dirty them for nothing.
         */
        write = (vma->vm_flags & (VM_WRITE | VM_SHARED)) == VM_WRITE;
        BUG_ON(addr >= end);
        BUG_ON(end > vma->vm_end);
        len = DIV_ROUND_UP(end, PAGE_SIZE) - addr/PAGE_SIZE;
        ret = get_user_pages(current, current->mm, addr,
                        len, write, 0, NULL, NULL);
        if (ret < 0)
                return ret;
        return ret == len ? 0 : -EFAULT;
}

#if !defined(__HAVE_ARCH_GATE_AREA)

#if defined(AT_SYSINFO_EHDR)
static struct vm_area_struct gate_vma;

static int __init gate_vma_init(void)
{
        gate_vma.vm_mm = NULL;
        gate_vma.vm_start = FIXADDR_USER_START;
        gate_vma.vm_end = FIXADDR_USER_END;
        gate_vma.vm_flags = VM_READ | VM_MAYREAD | VM_EXEC | VM_MAYEXEC;
        gate_vma.vm_page_prot = __P101;
        /*
         * Make sure the vDSO gets into every core dump.
         * Dumping its contents makes post-mortem fully interpretable later
         * without matching up the same kernel and hardware config to see
         * what PC values meant.
         */
        gate_vma.vm_flags |= VM_ALWAYSDUMP;
        return 0;
}
__initcall(gate_vma_init);
#endif

struct vm_area_struct *get_gate_vma(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
#ifdef AT_SYSINFO_EHDR
        return &gate_vma;
#else
        return NULL;
#endif
}

int in_gate_area_no_mm(unsigned long addr)
{
#ifdef AT_SYSINFO_EHDR
        if ((addr >= FIXADDR_USER_START) && (addr < FIXADDR_USER_END))
                return 1;
#endif
        return 0;
}

#endif  /* __HAVE_ARCH_GATE_AREA */

static int __follow_pte(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long address,
                pte_t **ptepp, spinlock_t **ptlp)
{
        pgd_t *pgd;
        pud_t *pud;
        pmd_t *pmd;
        pte_t *ptep;

        pgd = pgd_offset(mm, address);
        if (pgd_none(*pgd) || unlikely(pgd_bad(*pgd)))
                goto out;

        pud = pud_offset(pgd, address);
        if (pud_none(*pud) || unlikely(pud_bad(*pud)))
                goto out;

        pmd = pmd_offset(pud, address);
        VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
        if (pmd_none(*pmd) || unlikely(pmd_bad(*pmd)))
                goto out;

        /* We cannot handle huge page PFN maps. Luckily they don't exist. */
        if (pmd_huge(*pmd))
                goto out;

        ptep = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, address, ptlp);
        if (!ptep)
                goto out;
        if (!pte_present(*ptep))
                goto unlock;
        *ptepp = ptep;
        return 0;
unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, *ptlp);
out:
        return -EINVAL;
}

static inline int follow_pte(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long address,
                             pte_t **ptepp, spinlock_t **ptlp)
{
        int res;

        /* (void) is needed to make gcc happy */
        (void) __cond_lock(*ptlp,
                           !(res = __follow_pte(mm, address, ptepp, ptlp)));
        return res;
}

/**
 * follow_pfn - look up PFN at a user virtual address
 * @vma: memory mapping
 * @address: user virtual address
 * @pfn: location to store found PFN
 *
 * Only IO mappings and raw PFN mappings are allowed.
 *
 * Returns zero and the pfn at @pfn on success, -ve otherwise.
 */
int follow_pfn(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
        unsigned long *pfn)
{
        int ret = -EINVAL;
        spinlock_t *ptl;
        pte_t *ptep;

        if (!(vma->vm_flags & (VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP)))
                return ret;

        ret = follow_pte(vma->vm_mm, address, &ptep, &ptl);
        if (ret)
                return ret;
        *pfn = pte_pfn(*ptep);
        pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
        return 0;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(follow_pfn);

#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IOREMAP_PROT
int follow_phys(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                unsigned long address, unsigned int flags,
                unsigned long *prot, resource_size_t *phys)
{
        int ret = -EINVAL;
        pte_t *ptep, pte;
        spinlock_t *ptl;

        if (!(vma->vm_flags & (VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP)))
                goto out;

        if (follow_pte(vma->vm_mm, address, &ptep, &ptl))
                goto out;
        pte = *ptep;

        if ((flags & FOLL_WRITE) && !pte_write(pte))
                goto unlock;

        *prot = pgprot_val(pte_pgprot(pte));
        *phys = (resource_size_t)pte_pfn(pte) << PAGE_SHIFT;

        ret = 0;
unlock:
        pte_unmap_unlock(ptep, ptl);
out:
        return ret;
}

int generic_access_phys(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
                        void *buf, int len, int write)
{
        resource_size_t phys_addr;
        unsigned long prot = 0;
        void __iomem *maddr;
        int offset = addr & (PAGE_SIZE-1);

        if (follow_phys(vma, addr, write, &prot, &phys_addr))
                return -EINVAL;

        maddr = ioremap_prot(phys_addr, PAGE_SIZE, prot);
        if (write)
                memcpy_toio(maddr + offset, buf, len);
        else
                memcpy_fromio(buf, maddr + offset, len);
        iounmap(maddr);

        return len;
}
#endif

/*
 * Access another process' address space as given in mm.  If non-NULL, use the
 * given task for page fault accounting.
 */
static int __access_remote_vm(struct task_struct *tsk, struct mm_struct *mm,
                unsigned long addr, void *buf, int len, int write)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;
        void *old_buf = buf;

        down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
        /* ignore errors, just check how much was successfully transferred */
        while (len) {
                int bytes, ret, offset;
                void *maddr;
                struct page *page = NULL;

                ret = get_user_pages(tsk, mm, addr, 1,
                                write, 1, &page, &vma);
                if (ret <= 0) {
                        /*
                         * Check if this is a VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP VMA, which
                         * we can access using slightly different code.
                         */
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_IOREMAP_PROT
                        vma = find_vma(mm, addr);
                        if (!vma || vma->vm_start > addr)
                                break;
                        if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->access)
                                ret = vma->vm_ops->access(vma, addr, buf,
                                                          len, write);
                        if (ret <= 0)
#endif
                                break;
                        bytes = ret;
                } else {
                        bytes = len;
                        offset = addr & (PAGE_SIZE-1);
                        if (bytes > PAGE_SIZE-offset)
                                bytes = PAGE_SIZE-offset;

                        maddr = kmap(page);
                        if (write) {
                                copy_to_user_page(vma, page, addr,
                                                  maddr + offset, buf, bytes);
                                set_page_dirty_lock(page);
                        } else {
                                copy_from_user_page(vma, page, addr,
                                                    buf, maddr + offset, bytes);
                        }
                        kunmap(page);
                        page_cache_release(page);
                }
                len -= bytes;
                buf += bytes;
                addr += bytes;
        }
        up_read(&mm->mmap_sem);

        return buf - old_buf;
}

/**
 * access_remote_vm - access another process' address space
 * @mm:         the mm_struct of the target address space
 * @addr:       start address to access
 * @buf:        source or destination buffer
 * @len:        number of bytes to transfer
 * @write:      whether the access is a write
 *
 * The caller must hold a reference on @mm.
 */
int access_remote_vm(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
                void *buf, int len, int write)
{
        return __access_remote_vm(NULL, mm, addr, buf, len, write);
}

/*
 * Access another process' address space.
 * Source/target buffer must be kernel space,
 * Do not walk the page table directly, use get_user_pages
 */
int access_process_vm(struct task_struct *tsk, unsigned long addr,
                void *buf, int len, int write)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm;
        int ret;

        mm = get_task_mm(tsk);
        if (!mm)
                return 0;

        ret = __access_remote_vm(tsk, mm, addr, buf, len, write);
        mmput(mm);

        return ret;
}

/*
 * Print the name of a VMA.
 */
void print_vma_addr(char *prefix, unsigned long ip)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = current->mm;
        struct vm_area_struct *vma;

        /*
         * Do not print if we are in atomic
         * contexts (in exception stacks, etc.):
         */
        if (preempt_count())
                return;

        down_read(&mm->mmap_sem);
        vma = find_vma(mm, ip);
        if (vma && vma->vm_file) {
                struct file *f = vma->vm_file;
                char *buf = (char *)__get_free_page(GFP_KERNEL);
                if (buf) {
                        char *p, *s;

                        p = d_path(&f->f_path, buf, PAGE_SIZE);
                        if (IS_ERR(p))
                                p = "?";
                        s = strrchr(p, '/');
                        if (s)
                                p = s+1;
                        printk("%s%s[%lx+%lx]", prefix, p,
                                        vma->vm_start,
                                        vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start);
                        free_page((unsigned long)buf);
                }
        }
        up_read(&current->mm->mmap_sem);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_PROVE_LOCKING
void might_fault(void)
{
        /*
         * Some code (nfs/sunrpc) uses socket ops on kernel memory while
         * holding the mmap_sem, this is safe because kernel memory doesn't
         * get paged out, therefore we'll never actually fault, and the
         * below annotations will generate false positives.
         */
        if (segment_eq(get_fs(), KERNEL_DS))
                return;

        might_sleep();
        /*
         * it would be nicer only to annotate paths which are not under
         * pagefault_disable, however that requires a larger audit and
         * providing helpers like get_user_atomic.
         */
        if (!in_atomic() && current->mm)
                might_lock_read(&current->mm->mmap_sem);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(might_fault);
#endif

#if defined(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE) || defined(CONFIG_HUGETLBFS)
static void clear_gigantic_page(struct page *page,
                                unsigned long addr,
                                unsigned int pages_per_huge_page)
{
        int i;
        struct page *p = page;

        might_sleep();
        for (i = 0; i < pages_per_huge_page;
             i++, p = mem_map_next(p, page, i)) {
                cond_resched();
                clear_user_highpage(p, addr + i * PAGE_SIZE);
        }
}
void clear_huge_page(struct page *page,
                     unsigned long addr, unsigned int pages_per_huge_page)
{
        int i;

        if (unlikely(pages_per_huge_page > MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES)) {
                clear_gigantic_page(page, addr, pages_per_huge_page);
                return;
        }

        might_sleep();
        for (i = 0; i < pages_per_huge_page; i++) {
                cond_resched();
                clear_user_highpage(page + i, addr + i * PAGE_SIZE);
        }
}

static void copy_user_gigantic_page(struct page *dst, struct page *src,
                                    unsigned long addr,
                                    struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                                    unsigned int pages_per_huge_page)
{
        int i;
        struct page *dst_base = dst;
        struct page *src_base = src;

        for (i = 0; i < pages_per_huge_page; ) {
                cond_resched();
                copy_user_highpage(dst, src, addr + i*PAGE_SIZE, vma);

                i++;
                dst = mem_map_next(dst, dst_base, i);
                src = mem_map_next(src, src_base, i);
        }
}

void copy_user_huge_page(struct page *dst, struct page *src,
                         unsigned long addr, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
                         unsigned int pages_per_huge_page)
{
        int i;

        if (unlikely(pages_per_huge_page > MAX_ORDER_NR_PAGES)) {
                copy_user_gigantic_page(dst, src, addr, vma,
                                        pages_per_huge_page);
                return;
        }

        might_sleep();
        for (i = 0; i < pages_per_huge_page; i++) {
                cond_resched();
                copy_user_highpage(dst + i, src + i, addr + i*PAGE_SIZE, vma);
        }
}
#endif /* CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE || CONFIG_HUGETLBFS */